Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women and one of the tumors for which proper treatment can achieve better therapeutic results. The peak incidence age is 55~65 years old. With the widespread cancer prevention screening and the increased awareness of regular medical checkups, the proportion of early-stage patients and even precancerous lesions (CIN) has increased significantly, but in rural and less economically developed areas, mid- to late-stage patients are still very common. The most common case type of cervical cancer is cervical squamous carcinoma, but recent studies have found that the proportion of cervical adenocarcinoma is gradually increasing, and the age of onset is trending younger. Research on the etiology of cervical cancer has found that the following factors may be related to the occurrence of cervical cancer: 1. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection Current research focuses and hotspots, there is a clear correlation between high-risk HPV infection and cervical cancer, such as HPV type 16 and 18. HPV vaccine has been clinically applied abroad to prevent infection in order to reduce the occurrence of cervical cancer, and related research is also being conducted in China. 2.Women who have sexual intercourse earlier have a high risk of cervical cancer. 3.Women who have multiple sexual partners or women whose male partners have multiple sexual partners have a high risk of cervical cancer. 4.Women with poor economic and sanitary conditions. The importance of cancer screening in cervical cancer Cancer screening can detect cervical precancerous lesions or early cervical cancer patients in time, and timely treatment can achieve good treatment effect or even complete cure. Generally speaking, the average time to develop from precancerous lesions to invasive cancer is 5~10 years, and cancer screening can completely block the treatment of precancerous lesions. Some foreign scholars advocate that women need to undergo cervical cytology examination once a year after their first sexual intercourse, while domestic scholars believe that married women should undergo cancer prevention screening once a year from the age of 30~35. For women who cannot undergo regular screening due to various factors such as economic conditions, they should undergo cervical cytology examination at least once between the ages of 35~45. Cytological examination (TCT) reveals atypical squamous cells, atypical glandular cells, low-grade lesions, and further examination such as colposcopy or close follow-up should be performed, and TCT examination should be repeated in 6~12 months, and biopsy should be performed under the guidance of colposcopy for high grade lesions. Clinical symptoms of cervical cancer 1.increased vaginal discharge especially watery leucorrhea or pink or dark brown leucorrhea; 2.contact bleeding (bleeding after sexual intercourse); 3.irregular vaginal bleeding, serious bleeding may lead to anemia or even life-threatening; 4.advanced patients may have difficulty or pain in the second stool and swelling of lower limbs; 5.if there is metastasis, corresponding symptoms of metastatic sites may appear. Adenocarcinoma includes cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and micro-adenocarcinoma (malignant adenoma), etc. Other types include cervical small cell carcinoma, cervical lymphoma, cervical melanoma, cervical sarcoma, etc. According to the degree of differentiation of tumors, they are classified as highly differentiated (grade 1), moderately differentiated (grade 2) and poorly differentiated (grade 3). V. Diagnosis of cervical cancer 1. promptly consult a doctor if you have the above symptoms; 2. cervical cytology examination (TCT); 3. colposcopy and its guided biopsy (including endocervical scraping); 4. direct biopsy; 5. detailed gynecological and systemic examination; 6. tumor marker examination such as SCC, CA125, CA199, etc.; 7. imaging examination CT or MRI, chest X-ray, etc., PET/CT examination if necessary; 8. PET/CT examination when necessary; 8. Other auxiliary examinations before treatment. Clinical staging of cervical cancer Stage 0 CINIII or in situ cancer; Stage I IA Stage IA1 Stage IA2 (microscopic tumor); Stage IB Stage IB1 Stage IB2; Stage II Stage IIA Stage IIB; Stage III Stage IIIA Stage IIIB; Stage IV Stage IVA Stage IIIB.