1.What is anal papilloma? Inflammation and edema of the anal papilla at the lower end of the rectal column, proliferation and enlargement, forming a tumor-like mass called anal papilloma or anal papilloma hypertrophy, the symptoms of which are that the mass prolapses out of the anus after the stool and cannot be returned by itself, usually without bleeding, occasionally with pain, often causing dampness at the anus and foreign body sensation. On local examination, the prolapsed material is single or lobulated, milky white, with hard surface, not smooth, large head with tip, and root in the tooth line. 2.Can anal papilloma become cancerous? Anal papilla is normal tissue, anal papilloma is pathological hyperplasia and anal papilloma will not cause cancer in general. 3.How to treat anal papilloma? For those with repeated prolapse, swelling, itching and strong foreign body sensation, surgery can be performed. It can be removed from the root, and the surgery is relatively simple. 4.The malignant tumors in anal canal Anal canal cancer refers to the cancer below the dentate line to the opening of anal canal, which is less common than rectal cancer. It mostly occurs in the elderly, and is slightly more common in men than women. Anal canal cancer occurs below the dentate line of the rectum, so pathologically it is mostly squamous epithelial cancer. Other cancers include adenocarcinoma, metastatic-cloacal carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Clinical manifestations: (1) Anal canal nodules, hard and irregular, or ulcers that do not heal for a long time. (2) Anal discomfort or foreign body sensation. (3) Pain during defecation, may carry a small amount of blood. 5.Malignant melanoma of the anal canal Malignant melanoma comes from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Since there are more melanocytes in the annulus and mucosa of the anal canal, most of the malignant melanocytes originate from the anal canal, and a few originate from the lower rectum and the rectosigmoid junction, becoming the third most common site of malignant melanoma other than skin and retina. As the tumor is located around the vascular anorectal junction, close to the anus, the main manifestation is blood in the stool, mostly fresh blood or black overflow, with bad odor. Most of the tumors protrude from the intestinal mucosa, with or without a tip, nodule-like or polyp-like. The mass is small in the early stage of prolapse and can be returned by itself, and then gradually increase in size. When the tumor is large, it is often cauliflower-like, and there is often erosion and ulcer formation on the surface. However, not all melanomas are pigmented, with a variety of colors, including black, purple, brown, and red, and patches of pigment can be seen in the surrounding mucosa of some tumors. Some patients may experience urgency, pus and blood in the stool, and anal discomfort. In a few patients, the first symptom may be inguinal lymph node enlargement, and the diagnosis is only confirmed during biopsy. In advanced stages, large tumors with ulcers in the anus, pain in the lower and upper right abdomen, enlarged and hard lymph nodes in the groin, weight loss, severe anemia, and sometimes melanin in the urine can be seen. The treatment of malignant melanoma is mainly surgical resection, supplemented by chemotherapy and immunotherapy. It is highlighted here that early detection is the key, which requires raising the awareness of patients to seek medical care. Treatment of malignant tumor of anal canal In the past, the surgery of anal canal cancer was mainly based on combined abdominal and perineal resection, but in recent years, it is pointed out by evidence-based medicine that surgery cannot play a good role, and it is suggested that radiotherapy is the main treatment for anal canal cancer.