Patient Question:Disease:Lower ureteral stenosis caused by hydronephrosis Description:Physical examination revealed hydronephrosis, further CT found lower ureteral stenosis, is there a good treatment? Reply:Hello, you need to do a retrograde angiography to roughly clarify the cause of lower ureteral stenosis. In terms of treatment, there are several treatment methods: the first one is to do a balloon dilation procedure, in which a dilating balloon is placed under direct view of the ureteroscope along with a guidewire, and the stenotic segment is dilated under a certain air pressure (usually with 30 atm). The advantage of this method is that it is relatively simple to perform and is suitable for patients who have multiple medical conditions and cannot tolerate surgery. The disadvantage is that stenoses larger than 2 cm are not treated well, followed by a success rate of only 70-80% and a certain chance of restenosis. The second method is to perform surgery, usually minimally invasive surgery using laparoscopy. The advantage of this method is that the stenosis can be effectively lifted and the success rate can reach 90%. The disadvantage is that the operation is slightly complicated and requires a certain amount of skill. Good luck!