Allergic rhinitis in children is an allergic reaction that occurs in the eyes, nose and throat when airborne allergens trigger the release of histamine in the body. It can occur seasonally or year-round. There is often a family history of allergic rhinitis in children.
Causes: Exposure to allergens, including pollen, dust mites, fungi (molds), cockroach excrement, animal dander, tobacco smoke, etc. Symptoms: Include sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy nose, throat, eyes and ears; constant throat clearing and coughing; may even have headaches and nosebleeds. Perennial allergic rhinitis can also include: recurrent ear infections; snoring; open mouth whistling; poor academic performance Diagnosis: Diagnosis is usually based on a detailed medical history, symptoms and physical examination findings. Common symptoms include an “allergic salute”. Examination reveals swelling of the nasal mucosa. When the history is inconclusive, allergen testing is performed to determine this. In children with allergic rhinitis, attention should be paid to the presence of adenoid hypertrophy, asthma, eczema, etc.
Treatment: 1. avoidance of allergen exposure; 2. saline nasal rinses: effective in about 50% of patients; 3. medications: nasal sprays, including nasal hormones and antihistamines; oral medications, including antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists; 4. desensitization, i.e. allergen-specific immunotherapy.
Prevention: environmental control, e.g., avoid opening windows during pollen season, air conditioning is recommended; avoid carpets; mite removal; avoid areas with dust, mold; avoid pet contact; use allergen blockers as appropriate.