First of all, it is important to pay full attention to regular health check-ups. A considerable proportion of patients with asymptomatic hematuria, proteinuria and mildly reduced kidney function are detected in regular health check-ups, so they should pay regular attention to their urinary routine and kidney function, especially young people, to prevent the development of the disease as a result of kidney failure. It is best to do routine urine and kidney function tests once a year, kidney ultrasound if necessary, and to increase the frequency of urine monitoring in high-risk groups; units organize regular health check-ups for employees every year, which is conducive to the early detection of kidney disease. General kidney examination mainly includes four items: urine routine, kidney function, blood pressure and kidney ultrasound. The judgment of kidney function cannot be based on blood creatinine alone, but should be combined with each person’s age, gender, weight and other conditions for accurate calculation of kidney function. In addition, for kidney disease caused by hypertension and diabetes, some special urine tests such as urine microalbumin must be done to detect early kidney damage. Urine tests are both convenient and inexpensive methods for early detection of chronic kidney disease. Routine urine tests can help to understand whether patients have hematuria, proteinuria, tubular urine, hypotonic urine, etc. Urine microalbumin tests can help to detect kidney damage earlier. In addition, urinalysis should be done in addition to blood tests when you have a cold. Cold is a precipitating factor for many kidney diseases, such as acute glomerulonephritis which can easily develop in 2 weeks after a cold; IgA nephropathy, etc. can also be detected after a cold when it is aggravated; people who are prone to acute and chronic tonsillitis should pay extra attention to urine examination to prevent streptococcal infection from involving the kidneys. Married women with recurrent episodes of frequent urination, urgent urination, painful urination, white blood cells and bacteria in urine are symptoms of urinary tract infections, but if prolonged, they can cause interstitial kidney damage and even kidney failure. Therefore, early detection and treatment are also necessary. Second, timely detection of suspicious signs of chronic kidney disease. Morning swelling of both eyelids, swelling of both lower limbs, increased foam in urine (especially if it does not subside for a long time), increased nocturia, and increased blood pressure are all signs of possible chronic kidney disease, so you should go to a medical institution as soon as possible and improve the relevant laboratory tests as soon as possible. It is important to note that in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients, kidney conditions should be routinely examined, as many chronic kidney diseases are first manifested by increased blood pressure. Once again, early screening should be performed in high-risk groups. Enhance the evaluation of renal conditions in high-risk groups. Family history of kidney disease, chronic tonsillitis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, rheumatism or long-term drug use are all high-risk factors for developing chronic kidney disease. This is essential for early detection of kidney damage. Patients with lupus erythematosus, tumors, stroke, isolated kidney, etc. should also have their kidneys examined regularly. High-risk groups include: (1) elderly people (2) patients with hypertension, diabetes, gout, obesity or metabolic syndrome, who should have their urine checked for microalbumin in addition to routine urine tests. In China, there are nearly 100 million diabetics, with a prevalence rate of 9.7%, and many of these diabetics will develop diabetic nephropathy, and some of them will get uremic syndrome. Therefore, patients with diabetes should be very alert to kidney disease. In developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan, diabetes is the first cause of dialysis. In China, however, the nephropathy caused by diabetes has not received enough attention, especially the early detection and active treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus of more than 5 years will have a much higher risk of kidney damage, and the frequency of examination should increase accordingly. In addition, first-time diabetic patients are also a group that needs extra attention, because many diabetic patients have metabolic abnormalities in their bodies that have actually existed for a long time when they were diagnosed, and may have already involved their kidneys. The earliest manifestation of damage occurring in diabetic nephropathy is the presence of microalbumin in the urine. Therefore, after excluding nephropathy caused by other factors, microalbumin in timed urine (instant urine, 8-hour, 12-hour or 24-hour urine specimens) can be quantified to understand the extent of kidney damage. Patients with renal damage due to hypertension have normal routine blood and urine tests until the onset of clinical symptoms such as proteinuria and increased nocturia, but the application of more sensitive tests can reveal a number of abnormalities that are indicative of early onset renal damage in primary hypertension, including:A Increased urinary microalbumin excretion. It is especially seen in patients with essential hypertension that is not adequately controlled and newly developed severe hypertension, and can be reduced when the blood pressure is controlled.B. Increased urinary sediment red blood cell count. The morphological aberrations of erythrocytes can be observed with phase contrast microscopy and are due to the damage of the glomerular capillary filtration barrier caused by hypertension. c. Increased urinary β2-microglobulin excretion. β2-microglobulin is now recognized as a sensitive indicator of glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption. Newly identified patients with severe hypertension and elderly patients with hypertension may have a significant increase in urinary β2 microglobulin, which can decrease after blood pressure control. Gout: Be alert for insidious kidney damage. When kidney damage occurs in gout, it is called gouty nephropathy. Gout often has obvious clinical symptoms of arthritis, while renal changes are often insidious. (3) Patients who repeatedly use various drugs, some people took gentian diarrhea liver pills as an antidote to alcohol in previous years, which caused kidney failure. Some antipyretics and painkillers in western medicine may cause kidney disease, such as gentamicin and kanamycin. Some Chinese medicines can also damage the kidneys, and if there is edema, back pain and other phenomena after taking the medicine, you should also check the kidney function. (4) Patients with chronic kidney disease in the family: A survey found that if a family member has a history of kidney disease, the probability of other members suffering from kidney disease is 5-8 times higher. Therefore, if there is a family member with kidney disease, other members must do a careful examination of the kidney. (5) People with one nephrectomy or congenital solitary kidney; (6) Pregnant women; (7) Patients with autoimmune diseases: autoimmune diseases, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis, can cause kidney disease, which is quite common, especially in young women. (8) Patients with viral hepatitis. We know that hepatitis virus most often damages the liver and causes viral hepatitis. It is not known that it can also cause kidney disease, which is medically known as “hepatitis virus-associated nephritis”. Therefore, doctors need to take into account the individual’s past medical history, family history, symptoms, signs, and necessary laboratory tests to make a comprehensive judgment. In other words, to know whether your kidneys are healthy or not, you have to go to the hospital for regular medical checkups, not based on your personal self-perception. Early detection and early diagnosis can be achieved by simple urine, blood and ultrasound tests, especially the most basic urine test. Even if you are suffering from chronic kidney disease, the development of abnormal urinalysis can be effectively controlled through early and active treatment, including proteinuria, microscopic or naked eye hematuria, and low specific gravity urine, even if the above symptoms are mild, you should go to a nephrologist in time, and the doctor will arrange various necessary tests according to your condition. In this way, the diagnosis can be clarified as early as possible, and the treatment plan and prognosis can be formulated or modified.