Spontaneous pneumothorax refers to the rupture of lung tissue and dirty pleura without the influence of trauma and human factors, and the overflow of air into the pleural cavity to form a pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax is a respiratory emergency, which can lead to death if not rescued in time. Primary pneumothorax is mostly seen in young people, especially in the lean and long type. There is no previous history of disease and may be related to familial or genetic factors. It is found that the formation of pneumothorax is due to congenital elastic fiber dysplasia, and the alveolar wall expands to form a pulmonary blister after the elasticity of the alveoli is reduced, and it may be accompanied by congenital abnormalities of other organs. Commonly used treatment methods are as follows. 1.Simple observation and oxygen therapy For patients with spontaneous pneumothorax such as pneumothorax with 15% lung compression, the preferred treatment method is thoracentesis and aspiration, which has the advantage of simple and less invasive method. However, recent studies have found that for idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, the success rate of taking simple thoracentesis and suction treatment is unsatisfactory, especially for spontaneous pneumothorax which still requires intubation and drainage eventually. 2.Closed chest drainage Simple observation and thoracentesis suction in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax is limited by many factors, and the therapeutic effect is affected. Therefore, in clinical practice, closed chest drainage is required for spontaneous pneumothorax and the vast majority of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax who fail thoracentesis suction treatment, but closed chest drainage has a certain recurrence rate. 3.Pleural adhesion method Spontaneous pneumothorax has a high recurrence rate, so preventing recurrence of pneumothorax is a problem clinicians often face. It is a simple and effective method to prevent the recurrence of pneumothorax by injecting pleural adhesives through the chest drainage tube. At present, the more commonly used adhesives are: tetracycline, talcum powder, bleomycin and short rod-shaped bacilli. Talc is an effective pleural occlusion agent can significantly reduce the recurrence rate, and it has gradually replaced other pleural occlusion agents such as tetracycline and bleomycin because of its advantages of low cost, few side effects and high success rate. However, the side effects of talc are not negligible, with fever being the most common reaction, followed by moderate to severe chest pain. Talcum powder has been found to cause hemiplegia due to embolism, acute pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome in human and animal experiments, in addition, there are reports of long term toxicity of talcum powder causing pleural mesothelioma. 4.Surgical treatment Open-heart surgery is the most effective means to treat and prevent recurrence of pneumothorax. For patients with persistent air leakage or recurrence after conservative treatment or closed chest drainage, surgical treatment is required. Pneumothorax ligation and pleural fixation are commonly performed by open-heart surgery. With the development of minimally invasive surgery, television thoracoscopic treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax has achieved satisfactory results and has become the standard procedure for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common chest disease, and the commonly used conservative medical treatment methods are simple but have a high recurrence rate. Injection of pleural sclerosing agent through a chest drain to prevent recurrence of pneumothorax is a simple and effective method, but has certain complications. Open-heart surgery and thoracoscopic surgery have low recurrence rates, but are somewhat invasive. Clinicians should master the indications of various treatment methods and choose reasonably according to the specific conditions of patients.