Pinworms, commonly known as “threadworms,” are small white nematodes with straight ends. Pinworm disease is a common intestinal parasitic disease in children, characterized by itching of the anus and perineum. It is easily prevalent in childcare institutions. Surveys have shown that; the infection rate is high in both urban and rural children in China, about 8O% to 90%. At present, pinworm disease has become the number one culprit of intestinal parasitic diseases in children in China. In fact, pinworm disease is also very common in the pediatric population in developed countries. First, the pinworm cause pinworm adult parasites in the human cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, to draw intestinal nutrients and blood for a living. The male worms die after mating, and the female worms crawl out of the anus and lay eggs around them while the child is sleeping. When the perianal area is well oxygenated and the temperature and humidity are suitable, the eggs can develop into infective eggs in 5 to 6 hours. Pinworms are transmitted through three routes: oral, inhalation and retrograde infection. (1) Transmission through the mouth. When children scratch their anus, their hands are often covered with worm eggs; pants, bedding, and household items contaminated with worm eggs can also bring them to their hands. By holding food or sucking fingers, the eggs can enter the digestive tract through the mouth and become infected again. It makes the child repeatedly infected by itself for years and years, and this means of transmission is important. (2) Pinworm eggs can fly with the air dust and be infected by the child after inhaling the nasopharynx, and this transmission is relatively minor. (3) The larvae mature at the anal opening and then crawl retrogradely back into the intestine to develop into adult worms, and this mode of transmission is currently considered very important. II. Clinical manifestations Itching: Itching of the skin of the anus and perineum caused by the egg-laying of female pinworms causes the child to scratch incessantly. Sleep disturbance: The itching disturbs the child’s sleep at night, causing night terrors, restlessness, and teeth grinding. Gastrointestinal symptoms: The crawling of pinworms causes mechanical irritation to the intestinal wall, causing nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. Adjacent site infection: pinworms can invade adjacent urinary, digestive, and reproductive organs, causing ectopic complications such as frequent urination, urgent urination, painful urination, (female) vaginitis, tubal inflammation, and even appendicitis. The diagnosis of pinworm disease relies on the discovery of worms or eggs by: (1) looking for tiny white nematodes in the anal folds and perineum at night, 1 or 2 hours after the child has fallen asleep. Pinworms do not crawl out every night to lay eggs, so they should be found for 4 to 5 days in a row; (2) stool to find adult worms, but the positive detection rate is low; (3) the current use of transparent paper method to check for eggs, the detection rate can be more than 9O%. The method is to roll a small piece of transparent tape on a small bamboo plate and remove it after repeatedly pressing it lightly on the anal crease 5-6 times; paste the adhesive surface on a glass slide and look for eggs under a low-power microscope. If the child has suspicious symptoms but the test result is negative, the test can be performed three times in a row. Prevention Prevention is the key to treating pinworm disease in children. It is extremely important to prevent cross-infection between children (or between children and their families) and repeated infections among themselves. Therefore, the development of good hygiene habits is more important than deworming treatment. Pay attention to cultivating hygienic habits such as washing hands before and after meals, not sucking fingers, cutting nails regularly, bathing and changing clothes regularly. Children’s underwear should be changed every day; after waking up, clothes and bed sheets should be washed and boiled in a basin to kill eggs. It is better to take a shower in the early morning and pay attention to the anal rinse, which can flush away a large number of larvae. Children’s toys, household items and bedding should be washed and disinfected frequently or exposed to the sun for 6 to 8 hours to kill eggs. Both children and staff in childcare institutions should be regularly screened, and group medication should be organized after an epidemic trend is detected to prevent cross and repeat infections. In particular, it is worth mentioning that the adult pinworms live only one week in the intestine, and do not reproduce in the intestine, so as long as the hygiene problem is good, even without drug deworming, you can achieve the efficacy of deworming; on the contrary, if the hygiene problem is not solved, even drug deworming is only temporary, and can be reinfected after a week. V. Treatment Commonly used drugs are: (1) paracetamol: specific interference with the respiratory enzyme system of the worm, preventing the absorption of nutrients. Tablets 5O mg per tablet, 5-7.5 mg/kg each time, 1 time before bedtime. Occasional side effects such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, etc. may be seen. (2) Mebendazole: 1 tablet per day, administered during bedtime; (3) Prothiimidazole: 2OO mg per day, administered during bedtime; (4) Anthelmintic: 1O mg/kg per day, administered for two days; (5) Piperazine phosphate: 5O-60 mg/kg per day, divided into two doses, administered for 7 to 10 days, but the total amount should not exceed 2g per day; (6) Levamisole: broad-spectrum anthelmintic, not to exceed 2g per day. (6) levamisole: broad-spectrum anthelmintic, 2mg/kg every night before bedtime, for seven days, the drug’s efficacy is exact, no side effects, easy to take, inexpensive, we especially recommend. The latter broad-spectrum anthelmintics can also be used to eliminate roundworms and whipworms. Since pediatric pinworm disease is prone to repeat infection itself, so after taking the drug should be after 2 to 3 weeks and then take 1 time to eradicate. Local treatment should be done at the same time as oral medication. Wash the anus after each stool, dry the surrounding skin, and use 1O% zinc oxide, 2% white mercury or 10% sulfur and other ointments for external application. The pinworm cream prepared by using the Chinese herbal medicine Baekbu infusion and A Violet can play a role in both stopping the itching and killing the worms.