Nephroblastoma is an embryonal malignant tumor and a common abdominal malignant tumor, most commonly seen between the ages of 2 and 4 years, and ranks first in the incidence of pediatric abdominal tumors. The most common clinical manifestation of nephroblastoma is a painless lump in the abdomen that gradually increases in size and is often discovered unintentionally when bathing or changing clothes. The main treatments usually include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and comprehensive symptomatic treatment, depending on the type of pathology and clinical manifestations, as well as the imaging data, different treatment plans are used to minimize other adverse effects caused by the treatment. Surgery is the main treatment method for nephroblastoma, and the primary tumor should be removed regardless of whether there is metastasis or not. Surgery not only can remove the tumor completely, but also can stage the tumor more accurately and provide the basis for subsequent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. If there are cases such as huge tumor involving the surrounding important organs, poor general condition that can hardly tolerate surgery, or the tumor thrombus in the vena cava has reached above the level of hepatic vein, it is recommended to reduce the size of the tumor through radiotherapy first before deciding to operate.