Constipation is a symptom of many diseases, manifested as: no bowel movement for a long time, too hard and difficult to pass stool, or combined with some specific symptoms, such as: abdominal pain, prolonged straining to pass stool, rectal distension, feeling of incomplete defecation, or even the need to use manipulation to help defecate. Without the use of cathartic drugs, spontaneous evacuation of stool does not occur more than twice in 7 d or for a long period of time. Newborns usually pass fetal stool within 24 hours after birth, if more than 36 hours, the delay in passing fetal stool is called neonatal constipation. The normal interval between bowel movements is generally not more than 48 hours, but some children usually 2 to 3 days to defecate once, the nature of soft stool, this situation is often a physiological phenomenon. Therefore, it is more reasonable to judge according to the nature of the stool than according to the time between bowel movements. The rectum is empty most of the time, when the feces of the colon reaches a certain amount and enters the rectum, the rectum is expanded by the feces, which stimulates the pressure receptors of the rectum and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex through the afferent nerves, resulting in the intention to defecate, and the defecation instructions of the cerebral cortex are transmitted to the effector organs involved in defecation through the efferent nerves, so the rectum contracts, the anal sphincter relaxes, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract, and the abdominal pressure increases, resulting in the contraction of the abdominal muscles. The rectum contracts, the anal sphincter relaxes, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract, and the abdominal pressure increases to expel feces, which is the normal defecation process. If some factors cause the rectal wall pressure receptors to be blunted, rectal and anal sphincter malfunction, intestinal peristaltic function is weakened, feces can not be discharged in time, water is excessively absorbed, so the stool is dry and forms constipation. Second, what factors can cause constipation 1, improper diet Some children eat too little food, food digestion and absorption through the stomach and intestines, the remaining food residues less, not much pressure formed in the colon, so there will not be stool. Some children eat too much meat and too little vegetables and fruits, so the food contains more protein and less fiber. With more protein, the stool is alkaline and easy to dry; with too little plant fiber, the colon contents are less, and the intestines lack stimulation, so it is not easy to produce bowel movements. Some children like to eat dry food, drink less water, the intestines will absorb water, dry stool, intestinal stimulation is not enough, also prone to constipation. Milk contains more casein, calcium salt content, intestinal stimulation is not enough, children are also prone to constipation. 2, bad defecation habits Some children play to postpone defecation, irregular life, irregular diet, defecation is too large, the formation of the conditioned reflex of defecation, is also a common cause of constipation. 3, rickets, malnutrition, low thyroid function of children with poor abdominal muscle tone, or intestinal peristalsis is weakened, constipation is more common. Anal fissure; inflammation around the anus, pain at the anal opening during stool, children do not relieve stool for fear of pain, resulting in constipation. In children with congenital megacolon, constipation, bloating and vomiting are present soon after birth. When the abdominal tumor compresses the intestinal cavity, the stool cannot pass smoothly, which can also cause constipation. 4, neurological factors brain underdevelopment, microcephaly, craniocerebral injury and other brain disorders, are not easy to form stool, so easy to constipation. 5, vitamin B1 deficiency, resulting in intestinal motility function is weakened, resulting in constipation. Third, the prevention of constipation 1, improve the structure of the diet to increase the content of fiber, paranoid, picky eaters, children who eat refined rice and flour is particularly important. These children eat more celery, cabbage, fruit, corn, sorghum, white potatoes made of rice, can prevent constipation. Children who eat milk can put more sugar in the milk if they are constipated, such as adding up to 8%, sugar has a softening effect on the stool. Timely addition of complementary foods can also relieve infant constipation. Constipated children can usually eat some honey, tomato juice, fruit juice, vegetable soup, because these foods have a smooth intestinal effect. Malnourished children, we should try to improve appetite, gradually increase nutrition, improve the nutritional status of the whole body, abdominal muscles, intestinal wall muscle strength, to have the strength to discharge stool. 2, to develop regular bowel habits Many children constipation is caused by irregular bowel movements, bowel reflex sensitivity is reduced. If you can develop good bowel habits, this part of the child’s constipation is able to lift. Because eating can promote the gastrointestinal reflex, so defecation time is best arranged after meals, at this time, let the child sit in the potty or toilet, and gradually develop the conditioned reflex of defecation. 3, if the child’s stool is very dry, really unable to defecate under the stool, available open plug or glycerin suppository laxative, because glycerin has a stimulating effect on the intestinal wall, can cause reflex defecation, glycerin itself also has the role of slippery intestine. If you can not discharge the stool, you can wear gloves to dilate the anus defecation, but this defecation method is only an emergency measure, can not often use. 4, timely treatment of colorectal diseases Children who suffer from anal fissures, perianal abscesses, will be afraid of defecation, postponing defecation time, the longer the delay, the harder the stool, forming a vicious circle. Therefore, the original disease should be treated promptly. 5, constipation caused by neurological diseases, in addition to the treatment methods described above, but also to treat the original disease. First, acute constipation, most acute constipation in childhood is a self-limiting situation, many factors can be triggered, such as systemic diseases, dietary changes and travel. In another case, if the infant is well fed, gaining weight, and has no abdominal distension or colic, he should continue to be observed. However, if the infant is overly irritable, poorly fed, or has significant abdominal distention, he or she should be treated immediately. Small glycerin suppositories can be inserted into the anus or enema, and repeated intrarectal finger stimulation should be avoided. Older children may be treated with magnesium oxide emulsion or appropriately with laxatives orally. Second, a successful treatment plan for chronic constipation in toddlers and older children is to explain clearly the pathophysiological mechanisms of constipation to the child, the child’s parents, and teachers and other caregivers at the outset so that they recognize that constipation is the result of chronic stool retention, rectal dilation, and reduced sensory feedback, rather than simply a lack of sensory feedback to the child’s request for a bowel movement. A successful treatment often takes several months to complete and is adhered to daily during the treatment period as described below. There are two phases of treatment: first, a clearance phase, followed by a maintenance phase. The removal phase is usually done through a period of saline enemas once a day for 3 to 4 days, or until the fecal residue in the rectum is largely cleansed. Treatment in the maintenance phase: 1. medication, 2 spoonfuls of mineral oil emulsifier twice a day, or other alternatives, laxative, enema every other day. 2. diet, high fiber diet. 3. training of bowel habits. Regular bowel movements and maintaining proper bowel posture, with calendar records and reward and punishment system. Thirdly, if a child with chronic constipation cannot improve after regular conservative treatment, a consultation with an experienced pediatric surgeon is required. Once the diagnosis of congenital megacolon and sigmoid redundancy is confirmed, it is necessary to ask an experienced pediatric surgeon for surgical treatment.