Surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer Stage I,II non-small cell lung cancer: In the absence of contraindications to systemically important organs, surgical resection is the preferred measure for the treatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer. Because surgery is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials of surgery and radiation therapy alone to demonstrate the effectiveness of surgery. The 5-year survival rate of patients with stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer with surgery alone is 6 to 42%, which is much lower than the 5-year survival rate of 40% to 85% with surgery, depending on the radiotherapy treatment for patients due to systemic conditions or unwillingness to undergo surgery. The scope of surgery: lobectomy is the most common surgical mode for most patients with stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer, which can achieve the goal of radical treatment. For patients with tumor involvement of the proximal bronchi and pulmonary arteries, sleeve lobectomy or total pneumonectomy is required. The local recurrence rate is about 3 times higher for limited pneumonectomy (wedge mass resection and segmental lung resection) than lobectomy, and the operative mortality rate, complication rate and postoperative lung function are essentially the same between the two groups, with a higher long-term survival rate for lobectomy than for limited resection. Currently, only T1N0M0 patients who are old and whose cardiopulmonary function cannot tolerate lobectomy are considered suitable for limited pneumonectomy. There are two opinions on mediastinal lymph node dissection: 1, mediastinal lymph node sampling; 2, systemic mediastinal lymphadenectomy The role of mediastinal lymph node dissection is still debated. A foreign randomized controlled trial analyzed the mediastinal lymph node sampling group and the systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy group and concluded that there was no significant effect of the two groups on the overall survival rate of lung cancer patients. However, the results tended to improve long-term survival, prolong disease-free survival and reduce local recurrence rates in patients with N1 or a single group of N2 metastases. However, some studies have concluded that there is no difference in survival, local recurrence rate or staging accuracy between mediastinal lymph node systemic resection and mediastinoscopy + mediastinal lymph node sampling in stage I and II patients. Since mediastinoscopy is not yet commonly performed in China and mediastinal lymph node systemic resection is not difficult to perform, we believe that mediastinal lymph node resection should be performed in stage I and II patients to achieve radical treatment and accurate staging.