Refractory epilepsy generally refers to patients who have undergone regular treatment with regular medication, with poor control and no possibility of medication adjustment, and generally develop refractory epilepsy. In these patients, if the foci of origin are relatively limited and not in important functional areas, surgery is the only method that can cure the disease, but the key to surgical cure of refractory epilepsy lies in the localization of the foci of origin. Because of the uncontrollable seizures and the unpredictability of seizures, patients often fall and suffer from bruises, multiple fractures, tooth loss and burns, which seriously affect their daily lives and even endanger their lives by accidental aspiration and asphyxiation, and patients and their families often move around the country, leaving a footprint of their persistent pursuit of recovery as long as there is hope for improvement. At present, refractory epilepsy is also a difficult and hot spot in the global epilepsy field, and epilepsy surgery has opened up new horizons for patients with refractory epilepsy. For cases in which various antiepileptic drug treatments do not work, the possibility of surgical treatment should be further considered. Because surgery, after all, carries certain risks, it should be considered only in refractory patients for whom drug therapy is truly ineffective, except for definitive lesion removal surgery. “Many people will ask, “Will it be hemiplegic and unable to speak?” For epilepsy surgeons, surgical treatment in epilepsy surgery is prudent to maximize the removal of the lesion and reduce the damage caused by surgery to the patient, in which the most joint link that determines the efficacy of surgical treatment is the preoperative assessment and localization of the source of EEG generation! Accurate preoperative localization is extremely important, and this process determines the choice of surgical method and postoperative outcome. With the development of modern science and technology, there are more and more means to locate the source of epilepsy, and the accuracy is getting higher. The main methods: (1) neurophysiological examination: generally scalp electrodes for seizure and interictal video EEG monitoring (VEEG), and if necessary, intracranial electrode embedding and then VEEG examination to clarify the origin of the discharge. (2) Neuroimaging: head CT, cranial MRI, hippocampal MRI+MRS, etc. Head CT is suitable for showing gross structural changes and calcification foci, but is not as superior as MRI in other aspects. MRI (including hippocampal images) can detect subtle changes in cortical structures and changes in tissue signal intensity, and has become a more sensitive and specific imaging method for identifying the cause of symptomatic epilepsy. (3) PET: It is also a functional brain localization method that measures the rate of glucose metabolism in different parts of the brain by the difference in the uptake of nuclide by the brain tissue. In general, with the development of medicine, epilepsy surgical treatment has opened up new prospects for patients with refractory epilepsy, and the development trend of epilepsy source localization is gradually replacing traumatic examination by non-invasive examination. The new comprehensive discipline of functional brain localization in the field of epilepsy has made great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory epilepsy, opening up new prospects for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. For refractory epilepsy, the surgical radical cure rate is over 95%. Common examination items for preoperative evaluation include MRI of epilepsy sequences, long-range video EEG detection with butterfly electrode technology, PET-CT, and intracranial electrode embedding if necessary, etc. We have the largest epilepsy specialist center with the highest level of expertise in China.