According to a 2010 epidemiological sample survey in China, the total incidence of thyroid nodules in the population was 18.6%, and a large proportion of these people would be worried about this and have no food or sleep. A thyroid nodule is one or more structural abnormalities in the thyroid gland. Most patients with thyroid nodules have no clinical symptoms, and are often found unintentionally by themselves or during a physical examination by a doctor, or more often by chance during an ultrasound examination. According to statistical reports, about 85%-95% of thyroid nodules are benign and malignant nodules account for a small percentage. All patients with thyroid nodules require a neck ultrasound and serum thyroid hormone testing. The serum thyroid hormone series includes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3), of which the combination of the last three is particularly important, as well as thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibodies when necessary. Thyroid hormone testing can reflect the patient’s thyroid function status and clarify the presence or absence of abnormal thyroid function, which is normal in most patients with thyroid nodules. Ultrasound is simple, non-invasive, inexpensive, and can be repeated if necessary, making it one of the primary means of thyroid screening. Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland can confirm the presence or absence of nodules and can determine important information such as the size, number, location, morphology, borders, presence or absence of envelope and calcification, blood supply to the nodule and the adjacent relationship with surrounding tissues, and can also evaluate the presence or absence of lymph node enlargement in the neck area. Ultrasonography plays an important role in screening for thyroid nodules, but to determine whether a nodule is benign or malignant, a fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland (FNAB) is required, which is currently recognized internationally as the most sensitive and specific method for assessing the benignity and malignancy of thyroid nodules. Cytopathological diagnosis can be obtained through puncture biopsy sampling. With the application of high-resolution ultrasound localization guidance and fine biopsy needles, the success rate of sampling has been further improved, and biopsy sampling can be performed on nodules as small as 2 mm in diameter, with an accuracy rate of more than 95% in determining the nature of nodules, providing an effective means for early diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. According to the latest guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease, FNAB is necessary in the following cases: 1 thyroid nodules ≥ 25 px in diameter, 2 nodules < 25 px in diameter but with a history of childhood neck emission irradiation, family history of thyroid cancer and poor ultrasound imaging, where poor ultrasound imaging refers to: 1 solid hypoechoic nodules; 2 nodules with irregular morphology and margins, unclear borders, and no encapsulation. The nodules with irregular shape and border, no envelope or incomplete envelope; 3 disproportionate longitudinal to transverse ratio of nodules; 4 microcalcifications, pinpoint-like diffuse distribution or clusters of calcifications; 5 abnormal ultrasound images of lymph nodes in the neck, such as round lymph nodes with irregular or blurred borders, poorly demarcated cortex and medulla, disappearance of lymph node gate or cystic changes. After the above examination, the nature of the thyroid nodule is clear, what should be done next? First of all, for most of the nodules are benign, no special treatment is needed, it is not recommended to take eugenol for TSH suppression treatment, it is recommended to follow up every 6-12 months; for patients with suspected malignancy, the follow-up interval should be shortened, review after 3 months and repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy if necessary; some patients, especially female patients, are very anxious about the nodules and are eager to treat them but are concerned about the surgery in Some patients, especially female patients, are very anxious about the nodules and are anxious to treat them but are concerned about the scars left by the surgery in the neck, or for some nodules that are suspicious in nature but not very large, they can consider thyroid thermal ablation, which is an emerging minimally invasive procedure with exact efficacy, few complications, rapid recovery, no neck scars, etc. It is especially suitable for female patients who love beauty. There are also some patients who need to consider surgical treatment, including those with malignant lesions considered by puncture cytology, those with large nodules with obvious symptoms of pressure associated with them (hoarseness, breathing difficulties, etc.), those with progressive growth of nodules, etc. Thyroid nodules are a common disease and are often found unintentionally during physical examinations, which can easily cause panic among patients, but most of them are benign.