Uncle Chen has spent 1 week and many nights to make an issue about shit! Of course, the shit, urine and fart that Uncle Chen wants to talk about is fundamentally different from the shit, urine and fart that Guo Degang, Wang Jing and others talk about.
Shit, urine, and farts are commonplace, and the laboratory department calls them the three major routines of human beings. The three major routines have extraordinary medical significance.
Shit
Shit is called poop in a more elegant way.
People eat grains and cereals, and the digested food residues are partially discharged from the anus, which is what we often call: stool.
The recipes of children are significantly different from those of adults, so the stool traits of children are different from those of adults.
★ Normal stool for newborns or small infants: golden yellow stool, unshaped, water mixed with stool, containing a little fat particles like chili seeds. 3-5 times a day or once a day for several days if the nature is normal, basically no odor, no difficulty in defecation.
Normal stool of infants after the addition of complementary foods: the color is related to the color of the complementary foods added, it can be yellow, brown, green formed moist, soft stool, 1-2 times a day, or once a few days with normal properties, smelly, but not fishy, not acidic, no difficulty in defecation.
Changes in the nature or frequency of stool imply an unreasonable diet or disease.
★Constipation: dry and hard stools compared with normal stools, reduced frequency, and difficulty in defecation is constipation, which is caused by: low amount of breast milk, formula too thick, insufficient carbohydrate and water intake, too little addition of vegetables, fruits and other complementary foods containing fiber; insufficient activity; febrile diseases, excessive vitamin D, excessive calcium, lead overload; congenital megacolon, digestive tract malformation, etc.
Solutions for constipation: exclusive breastfeeding for small infants; formula feeding with rice soup and increasing the amount of water; adding 2-3 spoons of juice or green leafy vegetable soup between formula feedings, 2-3 times a day; increasing fiber-rich complementary foods such as carrot puree, apple puree, banana puree for older infants; constipation with no bowel movement for more than 3 days requiring paraffin oil enemas to assist with bowel movement; sudden onset of no bowel movement with abdominal distention, vomiting, crying, and psychiatric problems. Sudden absence of bowel movement with abdominal distension, vomiting, crying and significant mental decline should be noted for intestinal obstruction, and promptly seek medical attention for any suspected causes of constipation.
★Diarrhea: the stool is obviously thinner than usual or with mucus, pus and blood, abnormal odor, more or less frequent, with or without difficulty in defecation. In other words, as long as the stool is thinner than normal or contains abnormal substances in the stool, it can be called diarrhea.
☆ Physiological diarrhea: If infants who have not added complementary foods in time from 3 to 6 months have an increase in the number of stools and a thinning of the stool, but otherwise there is no cessation of growth, no loss of appetite, no irritability and crying, no weight loss, no fever, vomiting and other abnormal symptoms, this is often physiological diarrhea, which does not require treatment and gradually returns to normal after complementary foods are added.
☆ Pathological diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by unreasonable dietary structure, gastrointestinal disorders, infections or intestinal diseases and other systemic diseases all have a negative impact on babies. The stool characteristics of common diarrhea can often provide clues to the disease.
☆ Increased fat particles in the stool of breastfed babies often indicate increased fat intake by the mother, which can return to normal after the mother reduces the fat in her diet.
☆ If the baby has low stool quality, more mucus and green color, it may be starvation diarrhea caused by insufficient milk, which can be restored by increasing milk quantity appropriately.
☆ solution of watery stools or egg-flake stools with vomiting, fever, mental and dietary decline should be considered viral gastroenteritis, which must be checked in the hospital to confirm the diagnosis and treatment.
☆ To solve mucus with pus and blood stools accompanied by fever, mental decline and even convulsions, bacterial enteritis and dysentery should be suspected, and the diagnosis and treatment should be confirmed at the hospital.
☆ If you see thrush in the mouth and have tofu-like stools that do not heal, you should consider fungal enteritis and go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment.
Changes in stool characteristics in children are not always due to digestive tract problems. Respiratory tract infections, anemia, vitamin deficiencies, and other diseases may cause stool changes and require comprehensive analysis and testing.
It is important for parents to know the common points that do not need to be treated in the hospital.
Urine
Urine, solemnly called urine.
People drink water and eat grains and cereals, and the solid part of the digested food residue is discharged from the anus as stool, and the liquid part is discharged from the urethra as urine. Urine is generated by the kidneys, through the ureter, the bladder discharged containing a large number of metabolic end products of the liquid. Its composition: water accounts for 96%-97%, the rest is urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen compounds, sulfate, etc. In short, urine is the waste water produced by the human body as a large factory. Although it is waste water, changes in various indicators of urine can provide very important clues to the diagnosis of disease.
There are several important parameters to assess whether an infant’s urine is normal: color, volume, taste, urine sensation, specific gravity and biochemical composition.
★ Color.
Normal color —- normal urine color for infants and children is: light yellow, transparent.
Abnormal color.
☆ urine color becomes light like water: urine without a trace of yellow, light like pure water, commonly seen in dilute urine after drinking too much water, if combined with excessive urine volume (more than 4,000ml per day), pay attention to urogenital disorders.
☆ excessively yellow urine: urine is concentrated after insufficient drinking; fire, as Chinese medicine says; eating too much medicine or food containing yellow pigment (vitamin B2, tablets with yellow sugar coating, old pumpkin, carrots)
☆ Red urine.
Pseudohematuria: it is red urine, but there is no blood in the urine, seen in eating too many drugs and candy containing red pigment (red sugar-coated tablets, such as aminopyrine, sodium phenytoin, rifampin, phenol red, etc.; candy containing red artificial pigment); neonatal pseudohematuria (newborns 2-5 days after birth can be seen crying during urination and see the phenomenon of urine staining red diapers, which is related to leukocyte lysis and increased uric acid salt excretion and urine volume (This is related to the increase of leukocyte lysis and urate excretion and decrease of urine volume.)
True hematuria: this is real urine containing red blood cells, local lesions are urinary tract infections (bacteria, tuberculosis), congenital malformations of the urinary system, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, tumors of the urinary system, trauma to the urinary system. Systemic diseases: all diseases that cause coagulation disorders in humans: leukemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, poisonous rodents, organic arsenic type poisoning. Vitamin K deficiency, vitamin C deficiency, etc.
☆ urine color like soy sauce: hemoglobinuria caused by intravascular hemolysis, such as hemolysis of blood type incompatibility, sericea, hemolysis of blood transfusion, etc.
☆ Urine color brown like strong tea: obstructive jaundice.
☆ urine color like rice soup: purulent urine, seen in severe urinary tract infection and when the urine contains a large number of pus cells. Rice soup-like urine, adult urine like rice soup is first considered celiac disease caused by filariasis
However, when children have fever or low temperature in winter, rice soup-like urine is mostly caused by the temperature difference between the body and outside the body, and the crystalline substances dissolved in the urine are precipitated when they are cold outside the body, causing the urine to slowly become cloudy and look like rice soup, which is not much of a problem.
★Volume.
The volume of urine in infants and children is closely related to the amount of milk and water consumed, and more urine is urinated if more is consumed, and less urine is urinated if less is consumed. In the normal range are fine.
☆ Normal urine volume in newborns for 48 hours after birth is usually 1-3 ml/kg per hour, <1.0 ml/kg per hour for less urine, and <0.5 ml/kg per hour for no urine.
☆ Normal infant urine output is 400-500 ml per day
☆500-600 ml for toddlers
☆600-800ml for preschool children
☆800-1400ml for school-age children
When the daily urine output is less than 400 ml for school-age children, less than 300 ml for preschoolers, and less than 200 ml for infants, it is considered oliguria; less than 30-50 ml of urine per day is anuria.
☆ The number of urination: the first 1 week after birth, newborns can urinate as little as 4~5 times a day, and a week later, as children have a strong metabolism and more water intake, the number of urination suddenly increases to 20~25 times a day; 15 or 16 times a day by the time they are one year old. Under normal training at one and a half years old, the habit of controlled urination can be developed, and the interval between urination is gradually extended to 6 or 7 times a day in preschool and school age.
★Taste
The normal taste of urine is salty and fishy, and after placing it, it gives off a pungent ammonia odor due to the decomposition of urea in urine by bacteria.
☆ fresh urine that has an ammonia odor: suggests chronic cystitis and chronic urinary retention.
☆ Rat urine odor: human urine has the foul odor of rat urine, strongly suggesting phenylketonuria.
☆ Rotting foul odor: Most of them are signs of bacterial infection in the urinary tract.
☆ Rotten apple odor: A patient with diabetes who has urine that smells like rotten apples should be aware of ketoacidosis, which is a sign of critical diabetes.
☆ Caramel smell: It may indicate a very rare genetic disease, “maple diabetes”.
★Sense of urination
Normal urination sensation: the urge to urinate after the bladder is sufficiently full, which you can control and discharge smoothly (except for infants and children, of course)
☆ Urinary urgency: generally refers to the urgent need to urinate as soon as you have the urge to urinate, and it is difficult to control.
☆ Frequent urination.
Physiological frequency of urination: frequent urination occurs when drinking more water, cold weather or nervousness, and there are no other symptoms.
Pathological frequent urination: In addition to physiological frequent urination appearing as frequent urination
☆ Painful urination: It means that you feel pain or burning sensation in the suprapubic area, perineum and urethra when you urinate, and infants and children show it by crying as soon as they urinate.
☆ Urinary frequency, urinary urgency and painful urination at the same time is called bladder irritation sign, which often suggests urinary tract infection.
★Urinary specific gravity
Normal urine specific gravity 1.015-1.025.
☆Increased: seen in dehydration, diabetes mellitus, acute nephritis, etc.
☆Decrease: seen in urolithiasis, chronic nephritis, etc.
★Biochemical composition
☆ abnormal white blood cells: a large number of + in urinary routine white blood cells suggests a urinary tract infection.
☆ Red blood cell abnormal: there are no red blood cells in normal urine (or occasionally seen), if there are red blood cells in routine urine and more than 3 +, it suggests urinary tract inflammation, stone, tumor, nephritis, etc.
☆ abnormal urine protein: increased urine protein is often a sign of nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, serious urinary tract infection, strenuous exercise can also appear urine protein.
Fart
The elegant name of farts is downward air, but Uncle Chen does not talk about the culture and etiquette of farts today, but only talks about the medical significance of farts from a professional point of view.
Most of the food we eat is digested and used, but some of it is not broken down by our own digestive system, such as fiber and sugar, which become food for the normal flora (mainly E. coli) in our intestines. These things become food for the normal flora in our intestine (mainly E. coli). The colonic bacteria break down these substances and produce gas, which accumulates into a lot and is eventually expelled from the anus with the peristalsis of the intestine, which is a fart. To be more precise, farts are not my business, they are “released” by E. coli.
The composition of normal farts is: about 59% nitrogen, 21% hydrogen, 9% carbon dioxide, 7% methane and 4% oxygen, less than 1% ammonia and fecal odorants and other trace components, it is this 1% of trace components make farts have an unpleasant smell.
However, farting is a normal human physiological phenomenon, and it is okay to have a little taste, but it is really a problem if you do not fart.
The amount, taste and kinetic characteristics of farts can reflect the health condition and disease clues of a person.
★Volume.
☆ Normal people fart about 5-15 times a day, releasing about 500 ml.
☆ Excessive amount of farts.
Newborn babies crying and swallowing too much air when eating milk will have a bulging abdomen and excessive fart volume, and need correct feeding posture several patting back care after feeding to reduce swallowed air.
The structure of supplementary food for infants is not reasonable, too much powdered food such as sweets, sweet potatoes, potatoes and pasta will also increase the amount of farts, it is necessary to increase protein and vegetable food to make the diet to achieve balance.
☆Fart volume is too small: if there is no fart or the fart volume suddenly decreases, and if newborns do not fart, it is necessary to check whether there is congenital anus or anal dysplasia; if infants suddenly do not fart and are accompanied by abdominal distension, crying and vomiting, it is necessary to pay attention to the discharge of intestinal obstruction and intestinal trap; if adults do not fart and their abdomen is distended like a drum, it means that the abdomen is distended and it is necessary to discharge whether there is inflammation, tumor, intestinal trap, intestinal torsion and intestinal obstruction in the anorectum.
★Taste
☆ Fart with foul smell: Fart with foul smell like rotten eggs is unpleasant, consider that the supplemental food contains too much protein food, so that the intestinal tract has a food retention. Stagnant protein food in the digestive tract is decomposed, the production of amines, amines have this bad smell. The solution is to reduce the amount of food, especially the amount of protein-containing food.
☆ Fart with sour odor: indigestion and gastrointestinal power deficiency will result in fart with sour odor, which needs to be treated by feeding less and more meals and supplementing digestive enzymes or promoting gastrointestinal power.
☆ Fart with fishy odor: Gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhagic small intestine inflammation, bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, ulcerative colitis, etc. will have fishy smelly farts.
★Power
☆ Farts are loud and not smelly. When the supplemental food has a high starch content (such as potatoes), the carbon dioxide content in farts rises, and at this time the amount of farts increases significantly and the pressure is high. Because the proportion of tasteless carbon dioxide is significantly higher than that of tasty hydrogen sulfide, indole and fecal odorant, farts are loud but not smelly.
☆ Farts are not loud: When the protein content of supplementary food is too high (such as meat, eggs, milk and tofu), the stool is loose and thin, the fart is small and the pressure is not high, the content of hydrogen sulfide, indole and fecal odorant in the fart increases, and the fart is not loud and has an obvious odor at this time.
☆ Fart like jet: When suffering from congenital megacolon, stimulating the anus with a cotton swab will induce jet exhaust.
★ Meat and vegetables, balanced nutrition and the stability of the normal flora in the body help people maintain normal farting, and good healthy farts.