Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused by abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism due to relative or absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, and can be classified as type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Insulin is secreted by a type of cell in the body called islet B cell. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of islet B cells by the autoimmune system, resulting in absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion, mostly in young patients; type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent type of diabetes, caused by the decline of the function of islet B cells, resulting in relative insufficiency of insulin secretion, mostly in middle-aged and elderly patients; gestational diabetes is caused by a dramatic change in endocrine secretion after a woman becomes pregnant. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs when a woman’s endocrine secretion changes dramatically after pregnancy. The survival rate of type 1 diabetes is increasing with the advancement of medical treatment, more and more young people are developing type 2 diabetes due to the improvement of material living standard and lifestyle changes, and the proportion of women with diabetes in their childbearing years is gradually increasing. Many women with diabetes also want to have a healthy and active baby. What should women with diabetes and those diagnosed during pregnancy do to prepare for pregnancy? How to prepare before pregnancy? Women with diabetes should first adjust their mindset before pregnancy. The biggest concern of many diabetic mothers-to-be is whether the mother’s diabetes will have an impact on the health of her baby, and whether she will inherit diabetes to her baby, or whether there will be deformities or certain complications, so the psychological pressure is generally very high. In fact, the pathogenesis of diabetes is very complex, related to both congenital genetics and acquired environment, and no exact cause has been found yet. Therefore, as long as the mother’s blood sugar is under control during pregnancy, there will be no effect on the mother and fetus, and she can still have a healthy and lively baby. In contrast to the fear of passing on diabetes to the child, it is the mother’s mental and emotional state that can have a direct impact on the vitality, nutrition and growth and development of the fetus through a series of neurohumoral changes, so it is more important for the mother-to-be to maintain a happy and relaxed mood. Good blood sugar monitoring before pregnancy is essential. Pregnancy is the beginning of a new life, breeding hope, but for the mother’s body is an increased burden, especially for women with combined diabetes, only good control of blood sugar before pregnancy, and lipids, blood pressure and other related indicators should be up to standard in order to lay a solid foundation for pregnancy. In patients with chronic complications of diabetes, it is also important to maintain good blood sugar and delay the further development of complications. While controlling blood glucose, other treatments should be provided for the complications, such as reducing urine protein. All in all, it is important to adjust the body indicators to the best condition before pregnancy. Pregnant women should go to the obstetrics clinic of the hospital in time to establish a prenatal health examination file at 12 weeks of pregnancy. Pregnant women with diabetes should keep an eye on their status and the changes of fetal growth and development. For pregnant women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy but have high-risk factors that predispose them to gestational diabetes, relevant screening should be done at the first prenatal checkup. If the screening result is normal, the test should be repeated at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women without high-risk factors are now routinely screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. High-risk factors include: 1. Family history of diabetes in the immediate family. 2. Age ≥ 30 years. 3. Significant obesity. 4, a history of abnormal pregnancy and delivery, such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, stillbirth, stillbirth, unexplained neonatal death and neonatal malformations. 5, a history of delivery of a huge baby (fetal birth weight more than 4 kg). 6, a history of gestational diabetes. 7, this pregnancy has fetal abnormalities (excessive amniotic fluid, fetal malformations). 8, this pregnancy has other pregnancy complications. 9, there are symptoms of diabetes mellitus. 10. Positive urine sugar. Pregnant women without the above risk factors are now routinely screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. All pregnant women diagnosed with diabetes should be treated with insulin injections to control blood sugar, which is a hormone secreted by the body itself and has the best “affinity” with the body and has almost no side effects. The majority of glucose-lowering drugs can affect the growth and development of the fetus, causing malformations or death, or have never been studied for safety in pregnant women, so they are not recommended for use during pregnancy. Therefore, women who are planning to get pregnant should switch from oral hypoglycemic drugs to insulin before pregnancy, and insulin should be the first and only choice for pregnant women who are diagnosed with diabetes during pregnancy. Health care during pregnancy is the key Talking about health care during pregnancy. We must mention the danger of high blood sugar to the mother and fetus. High blood sugar will increase the possibility of spontaneous abortion and premature delivery; it will make pregnant women’s resistance decrease and cause infection easily; high blood sugar of pregnant women will be transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and the fetus will be in a state of high blood sugar for a long time, which will cause huge fetus and malformation easily; high blood sugar of pregnant women will stimulate a large amount of insulin secretion in the fetus, which will be unfavorable to the development of fetal lung and increase the incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. To avoid these hazards, it is important to monitor blood glucose changes frequently during pregnancy after diabetes is diagnosed, so that early detection of high or low blood glucose can be achieved (a complete blood glucose profile includes fasting, before each meal, 2 hours after meal and bedtime blood glucose). Plus, insulin dosage varies widely among individuals and should be adjusted according to individual blood glucose levels. In early pregnancy, insulin sometimes needs to be reduced due to pregnancy vomiting. As the number of weeks of pregnancy increases, the production of insulin-resistant substances in the pregnant woman’s body increases, and the amount of insulin increases. After delivery insulin dosage decreases again gradually. Therefore, even in one person, insulin dosage is not constant at all stages of pregnancy, so it is crucial to monitor blood glucose and adjust insulin dosage in time to control blood glucose within or close to the normal range. Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes recommend monitoring fasting and postprandial blood glucose 4-6 times a day. The goal of blood glucose control is fasting or pre-meal glucose <5.6mmol/L (100 mg/dL) and 2 hours post-meal glucose ≤6.7 mmol/L (120 mg/dL); HbA1c should be controlled below 6.0% as much as possible. Only by monitoring and controlling blood glucose can the mother and fetus safely pass through this special period. The first trimester does not require special caloric increase. In the middle and second trimesters, increase calories by 3-8% for each additional week of pregnancy. Pay attention to the distribution of meals. Avoid sugary drinks and sweets as much as possible. Eat the right amount of carbohydrates. Pay attention to the intake of high-quality protein, also known as animal protein. Eat more foods rich in dietary fiber, including vegetables. Supplement with calcium, iron and other trace elements, as well as folic acid and vitamins, and limit salt intake appropriately. In fact, the diet of pregnant women with diabetes is similar to that of pregnant women in general. All that is needed is to control the daily and meal intake, closely monitor weight and self-monitor blood sugar under the guidance of a doctor. At the same time, blood pressure, kidney function, uterine height, abdominal circumference and fetal growth and development should be monitored. Postpartum blood glucose monitoring is also important After delivery, blood glucose may fluctuate again because the mother's body undergoes a major hormonal change and the insulin-resistant substances are reduced. Therefore, monitoring of blood sugar after delivery should not be neglected. Treatment of diabetes should be continued after delivery according to blood glucose status. Pregnancy is a happy growing experience for a woman to become a mother from a girl. Every diabetic mother-to-be should pay attention to strict monitoring and control of blood sugar before pregnancy and after delivery to have a healthy and active baby.