Pneumothorax is a common medical emergency, and although the gender distribution varies depending on the cause, it is more common in men than in women (5:1) and can be seen at any age. According to the cause of pneumothorax, it can be divided into the following types: 1, post-traumatic pneumothorax: caused by sharp-edged injuries to the chest; 2, primary pneumothorax: a pneumothorax that occurs in healthy people without obvious lung lesions, mostly in young adults aged 20-40 years old, more common in men; 3, secondary pneumothorax: a pneumothorax that occurs secondary to various lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, lung cancer, etc. According to the pathological structure pneumothorax is divided into the following types: 1, closed pneumothorax (simple pneumothorax): the lung is atrophied by the compression of gas in the pleural cavity, the rupture is closed and no longer leaking; 2, open pneumothorax: actually a bronchopleural fistula, the rupture is always open, the pressure remains unchanged after pumping, this type of pneumothorax is less common, producing mediastinal oscillation in the respiratory cycle, seriously affecting the physiology of respiratory circulation; 3, tension pneumothorax (high pressure Pneumothorax): the rupture forms a one-way valve, the valve opens during inspiration, the valve closes when the air enters the lung, the air cannot escape, the pressure in the pleural cavity gradually rises, it can be reduced for a short time after pumping, and soon rises again, this type is a medical emergency, which can cause serious impairment of respiratory and circulatory function, and even produce hypoxia and shock. Primary pneumothorax is usually caused by congenital lung tissue hypoplasia and the presence of small pulmonary blisters or pulmonary blisters under the pleura after rupture, and the lesion is often located in the apical part of the lung; secondary pneumothorax is caused by the rupture of the pulmonary blisters under the pleura due to the original lung lesion or by direct damage to the pleura due to the lesion itself. Spontaneous pneumothorax is mostly unilateral, and only about 10% of the patients have bilateral pneumothorax at the same time, while secondary pneumothorax has a great chance of being bilateral at the same time, and patients often have sudden chest pain after pneumothorax, which is sharp and persistent stabbing pain or cutting pain. The severity is closely related to the speed and type of pneumothorax, the degree of lung atrophy and the basic lung function. Unilateral closed pneumothorax, especially in young people with normal lung function, can have no obvious dyspnea, or even 80-90% lung compression or only feel slightly short of breath when moving or going upstairs, while tension pneumothorax or original The elderly with tension pneumothorax or pre-existing obstructive emphysema can have obvious dyspnea, and even when the lung compression is only 20-30%, they have shortness of breath. Irritating dry cough is produced by gas irritation of the pleura, mostly not serious, without sputum or occasionally a small amount of blood sputum, which may come from the site of lung rupture. Sudden onset of chest pain and dyspnea should be immediately X-rayed at the hospital. A pleural cavity pneumoperitoneum band showing a uniform translucent area without lung texture on the chest film with a curved linear lung compression margin on the inside can confirm the diagnosis called pneumothorax. However, there are some other acute cases with similar manifestations, such as acute myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary maculopathy, acute abdomen, etc. If no pneumothorax sign is seen on X-ray examination, further examination should be done immediately to clarify the etiology, such as electrocardiogram, etc. Repeated episodes of pneumothorax and large pulmonary alveoli found on CT have indications for surgery. If the economic situation permits, thoracoscopic surgery is preferred without adding small incisions, unless special circumstances such as severe adhesions are found intraoperatively. Compared with open-heart surgery, the recurrence rate of pneumothorax after thoracoscopy is only about 1% higher, so there is no need to open the chest directly.