Neonatal hearing screening is an objective, rapid and non-invasive test performed in the natural sleep or quiet state of the newborn after birth through electrophysiological tests such as otoacoustic emission, automatic auditory brainstem response and acoustic impedance. Domestic and international reports indicate that the incidence of hearing loss varies widely between normal newborns and those with high-risk factors, ranging from 1 to 3 per 1,000 newborns and 2 to 4 per 1,000 newborns with high-risk factors. What are the risk factors for hearing loss in newborns? 1. family history of permanent hearing impairment in childhood; 2. neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization for more than 5 days; 3. intrauterine infection caused by cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, herpes virus, syphilis, toxoplasmosis; 4. craniofacial morphological malformations, including auricular and ear canal malformations; 5. birth weight less than 1500 grams; 6. hyperbilirubinemia to meet blood exchange requirements; 7. viral or bacterial meningitis; 8, neonatal asphyxia (Apgar score 0-4 at 1 minute or 0-6 at 5 minutes); 9, respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants; 10, mechanical ventilation; 11, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; 12, the mother had used ototoxic drugs, diuretics or abused drugs and alcohol during pregnancy; 13, the clinical presence or suspicion of syndromes or genetic disorders associated with hearing loss.