Pacemaker knowledge and clinical applications Our heart beats faster during normal activity; it slows down when we sleep or rest. If the cardiac system is abnormal, the heart beats very slowly or may even stop completely, which is when artificial pacing is needed to protect human life. A pacemaker is an artificial “command” that replaces the heart’s pacing point and makes the heart beat rhythmically. The pacemaker is a pulse generator consisting of a battery and an electrical circuit, which regularly issues pulsed currents of a certain frequency that are transmitted to the atria or ventricular muscles through the pacing electrode wires, causing the local myocardial cells to be stimulated and excited, and the excitement spreads through the intercellular conduction, resulting in contraction of the entire atria and ventricles. The artificial pacemaker emits regular electrical impulses that keep the heart beating. Initially, the battery portion of the artificial pacemaker was mounted on the outside of the body, with wires reaching the heart from outside the body through a vein. They could only be used for short periods of time in hospitals. Later on, Rene? In 1960, a Swedish doctor, Dr. Åke Senning, implanted this device in a patient. Senning implanted this pacemaker in a patient in 1960. The battery lasted for 2-3 years before it was replaced. In the 1980s, a microprocessor was added to the pacemaker, which was activated only when the pacemaker was felt to be needed. Today’s pacemakers are much more sophisticated, as they regulate the number of heartbeats according to the temperature of the blood, vibrations, etc. In addition to maintaining the heart rate, advanced machines have anti-arrhythmia and improve cardiac function. Even in 1988, a patient was fitted with a nuclear-powered pacemaker. This pacemaker uses a tiny amount of plutonium and it can last for 20 years. A normal heart rhythm is the most essential factor in maintaining the functional activity of the body, and if the heart rate is too slow, it can lead to a clinical syndrome of inadequate blood supply to all major organs with cerebral ischemia as the first symptom. Bradyarrhythmias can also complicate or trigger tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and severe bradyarrhythmias in the slow-fast syndrome, and Q-T prolongation leading to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, which can endanger patients’ lives. Some patients may have difficulties with drug therapy due to repeated alternating sinus arrest and fast atrial or ventricular arrhythmias (slow-fast syndrome). A pacemaker is a medical electronic device that corrects abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm, as well as coordinated contractions of the right and left ventricles through different pacing modalities, improving the patient’s quality of life and reducing morbidity and mortality.