Childhood asthma is one of the most common respiratory diseases that seriously affects the physical and mental health of children, and the prevalence and mortality rate of childhood asthma have been on the rise in recent years, with the national survey on the prevalence of asthma in children aged 0-14 years old in 1990 being 0.91% and rising to 1.5% in 2000, a figure that means there are more than 10 million children with asthma in China. With the progress of research on pathogenesis, immunology, molecular biology, pathophysiology and experimental science, the research on asthma prevention and control has also made rapid development in the past 50 years. It has been established that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, and that the persistence of this chronic inflammatory response leads to a hyper-reactive airway, with recurrent symptoms when exposed to triggers. The study of the pathogenesis of asthma has evolved from the spasm theory to the chronic inflammatory airway theory and now to the parallel theory of smooth muscle dysfunction and airway inflammation. Clinical treatment has also evolved from repeated antispasmodic and focusing on anti-inflammation to the current combination of simultaneous anti-inflammation and release of smooth muscle spasm. In the 1950s, asthma was treated with nonselective epinephrine as an antispasmodic agent, with the introduction of a selective short-acting beta2 agonist (Short Acting Beta2 Agonist SABA) in 1956 and a long-acting beta2 agonist (Long Acting Beta2 Agonist LABA) in 1971. In the 1960s, oral glucocorticosteroids were used to antagonize airway inflammation, which were effective but had significant side effects. In 1994, the World Health Organization and the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health convened more than 30 experts from 17 countries in New York to develop the groundbreaking Global INitiative for Asthma (GINA) program. GINA was revised in March 2002. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of asthma in children have also been developed in China. In the 2000 Asia-Pacific Asthma Status Study – AIRAP (Asthma Insights and Reality In Asia Pacific), the survey report from the Chinese region showed that the current asthma control status in China is far from the long-term asthma management goals mentioned in the GINA protocol. Pediatric medical practitioners should continue to improve the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in children, and in particular, they should pay full attention to the diagnosis of asthma in children and small age groups in conjunction with the GINA protocol; pay attention to the understanding and application of treatment content; pay attention to the preventive treatment of asthma in remission; and recognize the importance of standardized anti-inflammatory treatment and the concept that the earlier one receives anti-inflammatory treatment, the better the condition. Although there are basic similarities between adult asthma and childhood asthma in terms of etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical principles of diagnosis and treatment, it should be fully understood that children are not just “little adults” or a “miniature of adults However, it should be fully understood that children are not just “small adults” or a “microcosm of adults”. Asthma in children is still very different from asthma in adults in some aspects. Because children are in the process of continuous intellectual, physical, immunological, and psychological growth and development, they have dynamic characteristics of continuous development and improvement, especially in the areas of immunology and pathophysiology. Therefore, children’s asthma has its own special characteristics and is different from adult asthma in many ways. Pediatricians should make full use of the dynamic characteristics of children in development and continuous improvement, and active prevention and treatment can achieve clinical cure and prevent childhood asthma from developing into severe asthma with airway remodeling. At present, the diagnosis of asthma in children is often missed and misdiagnosed, so the repeated abuse of antibiotics to treat asthma in children is more common; in terms of treatment, some regions still stay at the stage of systemic medication such as static dosing or oral administration, and for “the treatment of asthma should be inhalation method as the first choice” and ” Inhalation of glucocorticoids is the basic measure to prevent asthma attacks” is not known or not accepted. In some mountainous areas, 18% of children with asthma have never been considered for treatment. The promotion of asthma knowledge, education of children with asthma and their parents, and self-management need to be strengthened. Only by promoting these prevention and treatment efforts can we modernize the prevention and treatment of childhood asthma in China.