Malignant glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant tumor originating from neuroepithelial tissue, accounting for 46% of intracranial tumors. its incidence is 3-10/100,000, and it is the third most common disease among young and middle-aged people who die of the disease, while it jumps to the second place in children. However, compared to the treatment methods and prognosis of other human tumors, malignant glioma is generally a malignant tumor that significantly lags behind other tissues and organs, and there is still no breakthrough in treatment technology in the last 30 years. Patient survival has not improved significantly either, with outcomes remaining at an average survival of 8 months after surgery alone and only 11 months after postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with a median survival of up to 2 years (reported in the Third International Congress on Tumor Control 1996 and Current Opinion in Oncology 2003). Worldwide, the clinical treatment of glioma still follows the adjuvant transcranial whole brain radiotherapy and transvenous/oral chemotherapy after tumor resection, i.e. the traditional combination therapy. (1) Surgical resection of tumors: Current surgical equipment and techniques cannot achieve cytologic “total resection” of tumors that grow infiltratively in the brain. After surgical resection, the tumor cells in the residual tumor area and subclinical area in G0 stage will be activated to enter the proliferative stage rapidly, resulting in tumor recurrence and escalation of malignancy. (2) Postoperative adjuvant transcranial radiotherapy: Because the radiation tolerance dose of brain tissue is about 60 Gy, radiotherapists can only control the total radiation dose at 60 Gy, and the radiation dose reaches 73-80 Gy in order to form effective killing of tumor cells, so postoperative adjuvant transcranial radiotherapy in clinical application has formed an embarrassing reality of theoretical ineffectiveness and practical inefficiency. The real efficacy of postoperative radiotherapy is that the radioactive ions stimulate the endothelial cell proliferation of the micro-arteries in the cerebrovascular bed of the tumor area, occlude the micro-vascular bed of the tumor area, reduce the blood supply of the residual tumor cells, and slow down the proliferation cycle of the tumor cells. (3) Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy: One of the factors affecting chemotherapy is that after intravenous or oral administration, the dose of drugs entering the whole brain is only 20% of the total dose, and after shunting through 3 sets of 4 cerebral arteries (bilateral internal carotid artery and vertebrobasilar artery) in the cerebrovascular bed, the local concentration of drugs that can reach the tumor area is even lower, and it is impossible to form an effective tumor-killing or tumor-suppressing concentration in the tumor area. Secondly, the proliferation base of tumor cells after surgery – the relatively well-developed blood-brain barrier in the subclinical area restricts the penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs through the blood-brain barrier, which weakens the efficacy of entering the brain tissue to kill tumor cells. In addition to the above-mentioned limitations of conventional combination therapy, the poor efficacy of glioma treatment is closely related to its biological characteristics. Because of the infiltrative growth of tumor cells in brain tissue, the infiltrative nature of glioma and the principle of intraoperative protection of brain tissue and brain function make it impossible to achieve effective resection of the tumor by surgery, therefore, residual tumor cells often form in situ or adjacent subclinical areas for rapid postoperative hypofractionated proliferation and recurrence, which is the main reason for the poor outcome and prognosis of glioma patients. In addition, the weak immunogenic properties of the cell membrane of glioma cells and the multiple heterogeneity of the tumor cell lines in the tumor also clearly limit the application of immunotherapeutic techniques that have matured in recent years. These unique biological characteristics and the lack of effective clinical therapies make glioma one of the most difficult malignancies to treat in humans and a serious topic of clinical treatment and basic research worldwide. Another very important biological characteristic of glioma is that glioma cells proliferate in an “end-site” manner, which is rare for human malignancies, i.e., glioma cells proliferate only in the subclinical areas of brain tissue in situ or adjacent to the tumor, rarely spreading and implanting in the brain, and rarely metastasizing to other organs and tissues outside the brain. Based on this unique biological characteristic of glioma, the authors proposed a new concept of “end-stage tumors should be treated locally”.