Renal cystic diseases are a group of relatively common diseases, including two major types of congenital or hereditary and non-hereditary renal cystic diseases. The common types of congenital or hereditary renal cystic diseases are medullary spongy kidney and adult-type polycystic kidney, while the common types of non-genetic renal cystic diseases are acquired renal cysts and simple renal cysts. Medullary spongy kidney is a congenital abnormal kidney developmental disease, usually manifested as renal calcium deposits or kidney stones, renal tubular dysfunction, cystic dilatation of medullary collecting duct and urinary tract infection, etc. There is still no effective cure for this disease, only prevention and treatment of complications can be carried out. Adult polycystic kidney is a common hereditary kidney disease, mostly autosomal dominant disease, the prevalence is 0.1%, the offspring of both male and female can develop the disease and the chance is equal, that is, each offspring has 50% chance to develop the disease, and the patients can appear in several generations, most of them have symptoms around 40 years old, and can be accompanied by liver, spleen, pancreas, lung and other organ cysts, heart valve abnormalities and cerebrovascular malformations. The majority of patients have symptoms around the age of 40 and may have cysts in the liver, spleen, pancreas, lungs and other organs, heart valve abnormalities and cerebrovascular malformations. About 50% of patients with adult-onset polycystic kidney develop renal failure before the age of 60. Acquired renal cysts are common in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic renal failure, especially in those on dialysis for more than 5-10 years. Simple renal cyst is the most common renal cystic disease, because there are no obvious symptoms mostly found during physical examination, the incidence is about 10%, especially in middle-aged and elderly people, and rare in children. The incidence increases with age, from 4% at the age of 30-40 years to 19% at the age of 60-70 years, or even higher. If only one cyst is seen, it is called isolated renal cyst, which contains cool amber liquid. If more than 2 cysts are seen, it is called multiple renal cysts. If there is a separation within the cyst, forming small interconnected rooms, it is called multifocal renal cyst. If there is bleeding inside the cyst, it is called hemorrhagic cyst; if it is combined with infection, it is called infectious cyst; if the cyst contains a large amount of cholesterol crystals, it is called cholesterol-containing crystalline renal cyst; if the cyst communicates with the renal pelvis and calyces, it is called pelvic-derived cyst. Simple renal cyst is not a congenital or hereditary kidney disease, but a benign lesion formed later in life, not a tumor. It is generally believed that simple renal cysts originate from renal tubular diverticula. The size of cyst varies from less than 1cm to more than 10cm, and most of them are less than 2cm. Patients usually have no conscious symptoms, and they are mostly found during health checkup or ultrasound or CT examination for other diseases. With the increase of cyst volume, if the diameter of cyst is more than 4cm, it can cause clinical symptoms, manifested as distension and pain in the abdomen or back of the patient. When the cyst is huge, the abdominal mass can be palpated, and some patients can cause hypertension symptoms; in addition, it can cause obstruction of renal pelvis and ureter, which can lead to infection and even hydronephrosis. Patients with renal cysts often lack typical clinical symptoms, so the diagnosis of the disease mainly relies on imaging means, and B ultrasound can be the preferred examination method. It has been found that the incidence of renal cysts increases with age, with an average annual size increase of 1.6mm and an average annual enlargement rate of 3.9%. For simple renal cysts with a diameter of 4cm or less, they can first be left untreated and regular ultrasound examinations are performed every 6-12 months to observe the changes of the cysts. At present, it is generally considered that cysts larger than 4 cm in diameter, with back pain, hematuria, recurrent infections, obvious compression of renal parenchyma or renal pelvis and calyces, as well as hypertension, ureteral obstruction due to compression of cysts in the lower pole of the kidney and suspected malignant changes need treatment. At present, the recognized treatment method is renal cyst decompression, especially trans-laparoscopic renal cyst decompression, which has the advantages of less damage, faster recovery, shorter hospital stay and fewer complications, and is easily accepted by patients. The purpose of surgical treatment is to eliminate the pressure of the cyst on the renal parenchyma, reduce or eliminate the patient’s symptoms, improve the patient’s quality of life and delay the process of renal function damage. In addition, B-ultrasound or CT-guided kidney cyst puncture sclerotherapy can be given according to the specific clinical condition of the patient, which has the characteristics of easy operation, small trauma and fast recovery, but the disadvantage is that its long-term recurrence rate is still high.