Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a decrease in the body’s resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can destroy alveolar and bronchial mucosal tissue, resulting in pathological changes such as hyperplasia, exudation, fibrosis, calcification, and even cavity formation. In severe cases, it can cause compensatory pulmonary atelectasis and emphysema, which can significantly limit the ventilation and air exchange function of the lungs and reduce respiratory function, leading to prolonged bronchiectasis over time. Smoking at this time will aggravate the damage to the mucous membrane of the respiratory system and cause a continuous decline in lung function, which may lead to cardiopulmonary failure in severe cases.