The traditional treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases mainly relies on drug therapy, but the effect is often not satisfactory. In recent years, surgical treatment has been found to be more effective in re-establishing blood circulation to the ischemic site and improving clinical symptoms. Atherosclerotic stenosis of carotid arteries is one of the major causes of stroke (accounting for 10%-20% of stroke occurrence). The risk factors for atherosclerosis include unchangeable risk factors such as age, gender and race, and modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, inflammation and chronic infection. The traditional treatment is conservative medical therapy, but some randomized controlled studies conducted more than a decade ago showed that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was superior to conservative treatment in preventing stroke, establishing CEA as the standard treatment option for carotid atherosclerosis. Since its inception in the 1950s, carotid endarterectomy has treated millions of carotid stenosis patients worldwide, and its efficacy as a standard of care has been undisputed for many years. However, although CEA is effective in preventing strokes caused by carotid stenosis, it is a major procedure that requires general anesthesia and has strict indications due to its invasive nature and certain complications, and is limited by many factors, such as the patient’s age, heart, liver, and kidney function, which prevent a proportion of patients with severe disease from being treated. In all CEA studies, high-risk patients like this are excluded. Endovascular interventions, which have been continuously developed and improved in recent years, are increasingly showing their advantages, as interventions have the advantages of less trauma, no need for general anesthesia, faster recovery, and broader indications. In particular, the safety of interventional procedures has been further improved with the development of cerebral protection techniques. 1989-1990, Mathias et al. pioneered carotid stenting with the Wallstent stent, while Theron et al. performed carotid stenting with the Streker stent and Diethrich et al. performed carotid stenting with the Palmaz stent. In the following decade, with the improvement of technology and the emergence of new materials, many scholars carried out studies on carotid stenosis stenting (Carotid Angioplasty with Stents, CAS). In particular, the advent of protective devices has reduced the risk of intraoperative plaque dislodgement causing distal intracranial vessel occlusion (from 5% to 2%), especially for patients who are not suitable for CEA treatment, and can even replace CEA. extensive research has also been conducted on intracranial vascular stenting angioplasty, opening up new treatment options for intracranial arterial stenosis. Of course, interventional procedures also have disadvantages such as high price, unclear long-term results, and operational failure, and it can be said that each has its own advantages and disadvantages and complements CEA. Intracranial artery stenosis is another major cause of stroke recurrence. The cause of intracranial artery stenosis is not very clear, and the main surgical treatment for patients with intracranial artery stenosis is Extracranial to Intracranial Bypass (EC/IC), also known as intracranial-extracranial artery anastomosis. It is suitable for various ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. If “bypass” surgery is performed for transient ischemic attack, it can prevent and reduce the ischemic attack. In patients with cerebral infarction, “bypass” surgery can better improve the muscle strength of the affected limb and improve clinical symptoms. This operation is performed within 3 months after the onset of cerebral infarction, and the effect is more satisfactory, while the effect is less effective for patients in the posterior phase. In addition to the above three procedures, there are also vertebral artery decompression, intracranial transplantation of the greater omentum, and large bone flap decompression.