Nodules on the thyroid gland are clinically common, and nodular lesions can be solitary or multiple. If a thyroid cyst or solid nodule is confirmed to be benign by needle biopsy, it can be reviewed periodically if it is less than 1 cm, or you can take thyroxine tablets or eugenol for 3 to 6 months to observe changes in the mass. If the lump continues to shrink, continue to take medication and follow up, and if necessary, take another needle biopsy. If the lump remains the same or continues to increase in size, surgery is needed. For this group of patients with thyroid nodules, the surgical method of simple tumor removal should not be used, but the surgical method of lobectomy of the affected gland should be used. This is due to the increasing incidence of occult thyroid cancer. Solid thyroid nodules account for the majority of thyroid nodule cases. In general, malignant nodules should be highly suspected if the thyroid scan is cold and the ultrasound shows solid inhomogeneous or cystic nodules, especially if the nodules are poorly demarcated from surrounding tissues or have extra-nodal infiltration. Preoperative cytological examination by puncture or intraoperative frozen section may be performed to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment. For benign thyroid nodules, depending on the number and distribution of the nodules, partial lobectomy, lobectomy or subtotal excision of both lobes is often performed. Due to thyroid lesions, the remaining thyroid tissue is less after surgery, and the function of the residual thyroid gland is greatly affected by the freeing of the gland and the ligation of blood vessels, resulting in a significant decrease in the level of T3 and T4 in the body, which, according to the feedback theory of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, causes an increase in the secretion of thyrotropic hormone (TSH). This leads to significant hyperplasia of the participating thyroid tissues and eventual nodal recurrence. Therefore, patients should be routinely advised to follow up for two years after surgery. Surgical treatment is also required for Hashimoto’s disease neoplasia, secondary hyperthyroidism or high-functioning adenoma, goiter with symptoms of compression, or retrosternal goiter, or giant goiter affecting life.