Parkinson’s disease is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects the mobility of patients and was first described by an English physician named James Parkinson in 1817. Parkinson’s disease was first described in 1817 by a British physician named James Parkinson, hence the name. Parkinson’s disease is a chronic progressive brain degenerative disease of primary origin, the cause of which is still unknown. The incidence of the disease is on the rise in China. The disease is not only psychologically burdensome, but also financially burdensome, requiring travel to seek medical treatment and take various drugs. However, the disease is extremely difficult to cure, and the symptoms will only get worse and cause more complications. The cause of Parkinson’s disease, many experts now believe that the lack of dopamine due to degeneration of nigrostriatal nerve cells in the brain is the key to the pathochemical changes that cause the disease. There is also a group of patients with secondary Parkinson’s disease, also known as Parkinson’s syndrome, which can be caused by cerebrovascular disease (such as lacunar infarction), pharmacogenic (such as the use of phenazepam or butylphenolic antipsychotics), poisoning (carbon monoxide, manganese, mercury, etc.), encephalitis, traumatic brain injury, brain tumors and basal ganglia calcification. Therefore, it is important to distinguish “Parkinson’s disease” from “Parkinson’s disease”. What are the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? The most typical symptoms in the early stages are tremor, muscle tonus, slow movement, difficulty in starting movements and abnormal postural reflexes. Other early symptoms include difficulty starting to move, followed by frequent tremors in the arms and legs, and inability to make fine movements in the upper extremities. After seven or eight years of the disease, the movements become more rigid, resulting in the inability to take care of oneself in daily life, even dressing, taking off shoes, and washing are difficult. How do doctors diagnose Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson’s syndrome? Are there any diagnostic imaging criteria such as EEG? Currently, the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson’s syndrome is based on the patient’s symptoms. Early manifestations include decreased blinking, lack of facial expressions, decreased variety of movements, and impaired postural reflexes. Tremor is present in about 70% of cases in the early stages of the disease, and Parkinson’s disease is highly suspected if these symptoms are present. This is because if the patient does have Parkinson’s disease, new signs will appear one after another. Primary tremor is most often confused with Parkinson’s disease, but patients with primary tremor have normal facial expressions, normal speed of movement, and no gait disturbance. Also, primary tremor is a motor tremor, not a resting tremor, which is most common in Parkinson’s disease. There is a reduction in spontaneous movements with a small gait due to rheumatoid arthritis, and the distinction between older adults with mild depression or dementia and patients with Parkinson’s disease may be difficult. The etiology of secondary Parkinson’s syndrome can be learned from the medical history. Imaging data and electroencephalography are not the gold standard for diagnosis, but can provide evidence for the differential diagnosis. In the case of primary Parkinson’s disease, treatment with medications such as methyldopa and benzodiazepines is more effective. It is worth noting that some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are not motor in nature, but manifest as non-motor symptoms, such as having sleep disturbance, constipation due to plant nervous disorder, or even anxiety, depression or shortness of breath, etc., which may also be the first signs of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s syndrome is less effective when Parkinson’s drugs are applied. Therefore, a clear diagnosis is the most important. What are the principles of treatment for Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s disease medication is symptomatic treatment, long-term drug treatment, generally in about 5 years “switch” phenomenon or “end of the agent” phenomenon, control time is getting shorter and shorter, while side effects and complications (headache, dizziness, gastrointestinal discomfort, eye side effects and complications (headache, dizziness, gastrointestinal discomfort, blurred eyes, slurred speech, etc.) also appear. Therefore, for newly diagnosed patients with early PD, if the symptoms are mild and do not affect function, it is possible to start without medication and strengthen functional exercises. When possible, take some neuroprotective agents. Each anti-Parkinsonian drug should be applied in a “titration” approach: that is, start with a small dose, slowly increase the dose, and maintain the treatment at that dose when the optimal efficacy is achieved within the tolerable side effect range. Optimal efficacy refers to the desired therapeutic goal that should be set according to the patient’s specific situation. Drug therapy focuses on increasing the level and effect of dopamine in the brain and decreasing the activity of acetylcholine, and although most patients experience relief of symptoms, it does not prevent the natural progression of the disease. What are the main drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease? When we cannot produce dopamine ourselves, we compensate by giving it to the outside world to meet the body’s normal needs and maintain its normal functions. Of course there are other kinds of drugs such as amantadine, anticholinergic agents, dopamine receptor agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, catecholamine oxygen methyltransferase inhibitors (COMTI), etc., all of which promote the production of dopamine or reduce the breakdown of dopamine in an indirect way to relieve symptoms, but drug therapy has the disadvantage of many side effects and decay of efficacy after long-term application. There are more new drugs developed, they act on more targets, and doctors have a wider choice of drugs to use, which is also a boon for patients. Secondly, for early stage patients with Parkinson’s disease, medication should be administered under the guidance of a physician. If the disease continues to progress with poor control by medication, patients with mid-stage symptoms and who are not too old are recommended to undergo deep brain electrical stimulation surgery, which is more effective. Of course, if the disease is severe, or if the patient is old, surgery is less effective and is inappropriate. What is the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment for Parkinson’s disease? Rehabilitation treatment is effective. Because, at a certain stage of Parkinson’s disease, motor symptoms become more and more severe, limbs and joints become stiff, and often one can only lie in bed and should exercise properly. It is best if active activities can be performed, otherwise they should also be done with the help of family members or rehabilitation doctors, etc. Long-term bed rest is prone to various complications, such as bedsores, pneumonia, etc., which are very painful for the patient. Moreover, we hope that Parkinson’s patients, especially those in the middle and late stages, will consider hospitalization every six months or a year to adjust their medication regimen and be able to apply neuroprotective agents under the guidance of their doctors, mainly by intravenous drip, which is difficult to do at home.