Nail fungus infection is usually caused by the entry of Staphylococcus aureus into the soft tissue folds around the nail due to unhygienic nails or barbs. When an abscess forms in the nail epithelium or nail folds capsule, it is called nail fungus: nail fungus often starts at one corner of the nail and spreads through one corner of the nail or under the nail epithelium to the opposite side. If the abscess is confined to one side, it should be cut open, and the knife should be oriented to avoid cutting into the nail bed, otherwise a ridge will form later. If the abscess is located at a corner of the nail root, this corner can be excised. If the abscess spreads under the nail to the opposite side, a separate incision should be made there, the skin should be turned proximally and the proximal 1/3 of the nail should be removed. The wound is then loosely filled with a dressing and left open to drainage for 48 h. Infections caused by type 1 or type 2 rash virus are easily confused with bacterial onychomycosis. “Scarring nail infection” is common in health care workers and immune compromised patients and presents as localized swelling with clear watery scar formation. Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy may also be present. Viral cultures of the watery scar fluid, Tzanck smears and serum antibody titers can confirm the diagnosis. The condition is self-limiting, usually resolves in 3 to 4 weeks, and does not require surgical treatment. Chronic nail fungus Shi Tianbao, Department of Orthopedics, Hongze County People’s Hospital Chronic nail fungus typically occurs in patients whose hands have been immersed in water for long periods of labor. The nail epithelium is thickened and elevated due to chronic inflammation and recurrent infection. Tosti et al. compared the effectiveness of topical methylprednisolone with two oral antifungal drugs in the treatment of chronic onychomycosis in 45 patients with multiple onychomycosis. The methylprednisolone regimen cured or improved in 85% of patients. The oral antifungal drug terbiclafen was effective in 52% of patients and itraconvoy was effective in 45% of patients, suggesting that chronic onychomycosis may be a dermatitis associated with environmental exposure.