Melasma occurs in young and middle-aged women, and the rash is symmetrically distributed on both cheeks and other parts of the face, affecting the psychological health of patients. The etiology and pathogenesis of facial melasma are not fully understood and are related to ultraviolet light, cosmetics, pregnancy, endocrine disorders, certain chronic diseases, medications, sleep quality, trace elements and genetics. Patients with melasma should avoid sun exposure and oral contraceptives, avoid long-term use of glucocorticoids on the face and irregular use of cosmetics, and take appropriate supplements of foods rich in vitamin C and vitamin E. Pay attention to sun protection throughout the year, avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight and apply sunscreen before going out. Melasma, with complex etiology and unclear pathogenesis, is prone to recurrence and needs comprehensive treatment.