First, the emergence and basic concept of interventional radiology Interventional radiology (Interventional Radiology) originated from angiographic diagnosis and the innovative thinking and practice of angiographers. At the same time, the development of imaging equipment and interventional devices also played an important role in its formation and development. The first report of abdominal aortography was made by Dos Santos in Portugal in 1929, which pioneered the development of angiography, which flourished after the 1950s due to advances in medical imaging. In 1961, Swedish angiographers reported on X-ray fluoroscopy-guided abdominal visceral arteriography at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, and in the mid-1960s, the advent of television monitors freed angiographers from a dark working environment and greatly improved work efficiency. Coupled with the lack of other medical imaging equipment to visualize internal organs at that time, angiography diagnosis has since entered a period of rapid development. Since then, the indications for angiography have expanded from cardiovascular disease to abdominal visceral organs and cranio-cerebral disease. During the development of angiography, some angiographers, no longer satisfied with merely completing the accurate diagnosis of angiography, believed that the angiographic catheter could become an important therapeutic tool.In June 1963, Dotter first proposed the idea of interventional radiology at the Czechoslovakian Academic Radiology Conference, and in his lecture “The Future of Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography”, he discussed the catheter biopsy, controlled release cannulation, and transcatheter endarterectomy. His presentation was well received by the attendees, as it was the first report of a diagnostic angiographer being able to treat a patient with a catheter and guidewire; the following November, he used the coaxial catheter method to treat a patient with limited stenosis of the femoral artery, marking the formation of interventional radiology. Because it changed the traditional paradigm of the diagnostic angiographer who only diagnosed but did not treat, it transformed him into a clinician who integrated diagnostic imaging with treatment. The term interventional radiology was first coined by Margulis, an American radiologist who was keenly aware of the development of a new specialty in the field of radiology and wrote a review entitled “Interventional Radiology: A New Specialty”, published in the internationally renowned academic journal AJR in March 1967, in which he defined interventional radiology as a fluoroscopically guided diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. In this review, he defined interventional radiology as a diagnostic and therapeutic technique performed under fluoroscopic guidance. In this review, he defines interventional radiology as fluoroscopically guided diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, the term “Interventional Radiology” became widely recognized by the academic community in 1976, when Wallace systematically described the concept of interventional radiology in the journal Cancer under the title “Interventional Radiology”. The term “Interventional Radiology” was officially recognized by the international academic community only after Wallace systematically described the concept of Interventional Radiology in Cancer in 1976 and made a presentation at the first Interventional Radiology Conference of the European Society of Radiology in Portugal in 1979. The name “Interventional Radiology” has been translated by domestic scholars in various ways, such as “surgical radiology”, “interventional radiology “therapeutic radiology”, “invasive radiology”, etc., and also “catheterization”, but now generally willing to accept The name “interventional radiology” is generally accepted now. China’s interventional radiologists have also made a specific definition of this name. Interventional radiology is based on diagnostic imaging, under the guidance of medical imaging diagnostic equipment (DSA, US, CT, MRI, etc.), to make independent diagnosis and treatment of disease. It is minimally invasive intracavitary surgical treatment in terms of clinical treatment attributes. Second, the flourishing development and therapeutic scope of interventional radiology In 1968 and 1970, Baum and others successively used intra-arterial vasoconstrictor perfusion and self-coagulation block embolization of bleeding arteries to treat acute gastrointestinal bleeding successfully, which greatly improved the clinical status of interventional radiologists and won the trust of colleagues in the remaining clinical departments. Since then, the relationship between interventional physicians and clinicians has become increasingly close, and interventional radiology has entered a period of rapid development, gradually forming the three pillar technologies of interventional radiology: 1. The development of these techniques has laid the foundation for the development of interventional radiology. The development of these techniques has established the status of interventional radiology in various clinical disciplines, and the superiority of interventional treatment has initially emerged, and some medical and surgical diseases that are difficult or untreatable can be easily solved through interventional treatment, and interventional radiology has become an indispensable and important part of clinical practice. The clinical application of PTA and endoprosthesis technology has greatly expanded the scope of application of interventional radiology, and interventional radiology has become the main treatment method for coronary heart disease and vascular disease, which is a major development of vascular interventional radiology. It is a major development of vascular interventional radiology. In the late 1970s, percutaneous hepatobiliary, ureteral, abdominal abscess drainage and percutaneous gastrostomy, which were developed using the modified Seldinger technique, were established one after another and gradually replaced surgical procedures requiring dissection and placement of tubes. In the 1980s, vascular balloon angioplasty and endovascular stenting were extended and developed to extravascular duct systems, and became the main treatment for gastrointestinal, biliary, and ureteral stenoses. With the application of CT and real-time ultrasound in clinical practice, CT and ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy, abscess drainage, cyst sclerosis, epidural hematoma aspiration, and malignant tumor ablation were gradually established and developed. With the development of interventional materials, techniques and biotechnology, interventional techniques have become more minimally invasive, rapid, safe and effective, especially in the fields of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular and tumor, etc. In July 2004, the New York Times published a review that in the past 10-20 years, about 30% of lesions or diseases requiring surgical treatment have been replaced by minimally or less invasive interventional treatments. . Currently, carotid artery stenting has gradually replaced endothelial stripping; percutaneous endoluminal stent graft placement has become the technique of choice for aortic aneurysm or coarctation treatment. After 40 years of rapid development, interventional radiology has become an essential and important part of clinical medicine and the development direction of medical treatment methodology in the 21st century. However, while interventional radiology is developing rapidly and maturing gradually, there is a more chaotic aspect of interventional treatment. “The lack of interventional skills and irregularities in operation have seriously restricted the development of the discipline of interventional radiology; secondly, the lack of clinical skills and the lack of knowledge of the discipline among interventional radiology practitioners. The development of the discipline and the standardization of interventional treatment have attracted the attention of interventional radiologists around the world. In 1973, Baum and others invited the nation’s leading angiographers to hold the inaugural meeting of the Cardiovascular and Angiographic Society at Massachusetts General Hospital, where 48 angiographers from different regions were elected as members and the purpose of the Society was formulated. The first meeting of the SCVR was held in Florida on November 17, 1975, and has been held annually since then. Beginning in 1976, the SCVR initiated a continuing education course held 1 time per year. With the development of interventional radiology, the field of intervention has gradually expanded, and the role of interventional therapy in clinical practice has increased, the SCVR no longer reflects the scope of the Society’s expertise. As a result, the Society changed its name to the Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology (SCVIR) in 1983, and its membership has grown rapidly to more than 4,000 members today. In 1990, in view of the rapid development of interventional radiology, SCVIR began to develop specifications for the treatment of interventional radiology. In 1991, SCVIR was approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (AcGME) as a Level II discipline, and the qualification of interventional radiologists was also approved. In April 2002, the Society was officially renamed the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR). The establishment of the Society and the standardized training and development of trainees is a necessary step towards the health and development of interventional therapy, and an important milestone in the development of interventional radiology. In Europe, the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society, or CIRSE, was founded almost simultaneously with North America. CIRSE holds an annual academic meeting and a special forum (Global Endovenous Therapy Forum, GET) to discuss, standardize, and train technical interventional radiologists throughout Europe. The Journal of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology (CVIR), founded in the same period, has become the two most authoritative professional academic journals in the field of interventional radiology together with JVIR. Fourth, the development of China’s interventional radiology and future direction China’s interventional radiology originated in the 1970s, although a late start, but rapid development, from the treatment of the disease and the number of physicians engaged in interventional treatment team has reached the forefront of the world, according to preliminary statistics, China’s interventional radiology practitioners have reached more than 6000 people. China’s Ministry of Health officially issued a document on April 25, 1990, the Health and Medical Department issued in 90 years, No. 27 “on the part of the conditions to carry out interventional radiology radiology department into a clinical department notice” in the interventional radiology is called one of the three major medical clinical disciplines alongside internal and surgical. However, an independent society of interventional radiology has not yet been established in China; the training of trainees and basic skills training are seriously lagging behind; standardized technical operation and industry management have become major issues in the development of the discipline; conflicts of interest and misunderstandings between disciplines still seriously restrict the development of the discipline. In order to promote the development of the discipline, we must change our concept and take measures to adapt to the current development situation of the discipline. In addition to the need to establish an equal and mutually respectful partnership with clinicians to reduce mutual conflicts of interest, we must do the following: (1) The need for standardized treatment. At present, the clinical knowledge and operational level of interventional radiologists varies seriously throughout the country, especially in some small and medium-sized hospitals and individual practitioners in large hospitals, who lack the necessary training and clinical experience, but blindly carry out interventional work. Without the development of corresponding standardized standards, the trust of clinicians and patients is bound to be lost, which in turn hinders the development of the entire discipline of interventional radiology. (2) The development of standardized treatment and interventional access system. In the area of interventional techniques, “guidelines” or “guidelines” should be formulated for the treatment of diseases, and an access system should be established for hospitals that carry out interventional treatments to eliminate the current “chaotic” situation. (3) Establish a secondary discipline system of interventional radiology. Taking the current interventional radiology department as the main body, we should establish a large interventional radiology department corresponding to the large internal medicine department and large surgery department. Under this system, there will be neurointerventional, vascular interventional and tumor interventional disciplines. (4) The need for the establishment of industry societies, the establishment of a strict training and certification base for interventional physicians as soon as possible, the holding of regular training and study courses, and the corresponding qualification recognition. The supervision and implementation of the above system should be done by government departments and industry societies, and supported by corresponding laws, so as to ensure that patients’ rights and interests are not infringed, promote the healthy and steady development of interventional radiology, and welcome the second spring of interventional radiology. Interventional radiology is a diagnostic method based on diagnostic imaging and clinical diagnostics, under the guidance of medical imaging equipment, to obtain imaging, pathology, bacteriology, physiology, biochemistry and cytology, and combined with the principles of clinical therapeutics, a series of minimally invasive treatment techniques for various lesions through catheters and other equipment. The above quote is from “Zhu Kangshun, Shan Hong”. Interventional treatment of lung cancer and hemoptysis was carried out in the mid-1980s, and has been carried out for more than 20 years, with more than 20,000 cases of various interventional procedures and satisfactory clinical results. Interventional therapies include vascular and non-vascular procedures. Vascular intervention mainly includes various tumor diseases (intravascular infusion of anti-tumor drugs, tumor vascular embolization, etc.), vascular diseases (angioplasty of vascular stenosis, thromboembolism, revascularization, embolization and angioplasty of congenital and acquired vascular malformations, etc.) and others (splenic and hyperthyroidism inactivation, etc.). Non-vascular interventions include percutaneous aspiration biopsy and treatment of various organs (lungs, liver, lymph nodes, muscles, bones, kidneys, etc.), various aspiration and drainage procedures (abscesses, cysts, hematomas, biliary tract obstruction, nephrostomy, etc.) and others (lumpectomy of various lumen organs, lithotripsy of urethra and bile duct, various endoscopic techniques). The most important features of interventional medicine include minimally invasive, reproducible, accurate positioning, high efficacy and low complication rate. Interventional procedures are usually performed while the patient is awake, and a 3-4 mm incision is made at the puncture site under local anesthesia as a surgical access or in the surgical route (respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, etc.), and only minor pain is felt. With the development of medical imaging equipment, interventional treatment equipment and clinical treatment technology, interventional treatment has developed into the third major clinical treatment technology after medicine and surgery because of its unique clinical treatment effect.