Patient: Hydronephrosis caused by congenital ureteral stenosis was detected by ultrasound in 2001. After that, several tests were done and the degree of hydronephrosis changed from the original left kidney to both kidneys. The degree of hydronephrosis in the left kidney was more than that in the right kidney. Song Shaokang, Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital: Stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction is the most common site of ureteral stenosis, which has various etiologies, such as congenital developmental abnormalities, inflammatory stenosis and distortion of the ureter, ureteral valves, and compression by vagus vessels. Although the etiology is different, the pathophysiological process is basically the same, i.e., mechanical or dynamic factors gradually lead to obstruction of urine transmission in the ureteral junction of the renal pelvis, causing its retention in the renal pelvis and a gradual increase in pressure in the renal pelvis, interstitium, and collecting duct, resulting in damage to the renal unit, gradual atrophy and thinning of the renal parenchyma, replacement by fibrous tissue, and expansion of hydronephrosis. Thereafter, it can also be complicated by infection and stone formation, which eventually leads to progressive destruction and loss of kidney function. Song Shaokang, Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital: Although open dissection pyeloplasty has a success rate of more than 90%, the widest indications and the best long-term results, and is regarded as the “gold standard” for the treatment of UPJ obstruction, it has a long and traumatic surgical incision, a long postoperative bed rest, a slow recovery, and a large impact on the workforce. In recent years, the surgical methods for UPJO have developed in the direction of minimally invasive, such as endoscopic balloon dilatation, laser intrapelvic pelvicoplasty, percutaneous pyeloplasty and retrograde cystoscopic pyeloplasty. These are the future directions of UPJO treatment. Whether open surgery or minimally invasive intracavitary surgery, the ultimate goal is to improve renal function and relieve symptoms.