I. Intraoperative complications: (1) ruptured venous sinus bleeding: the incidence is 5.1%, often for the superior sagittal sinus (1.9%), transverse sinus (1.3%) and cranial plate barrier venous sinus (1.9%). Rupture of the superior sagittal sinus can cause massive blood loss and circulatory dysfunction. If resuscitation is successful soon, it can be performed without any sequelae. Rupture of the venous sinus is often caused by tearing of the dura mater or separation of the bone flap. A simple suture repair can be performed. If the vein is bleeding from the skull plate barrier, bone wax can be used to stop the bleeding. (1) Dural injury: the vast majority of small dural lacerations, caused by the insertion of the skull plate bone crest into the dura, the incidence is 70%, can be suture repair. Large dural lacerations are rare, and 4% require periosteal patching and suturing. (3) Subdural hematoma: the incidence is 1.3%, which is caused by the rupture of cortical dural vein and bleeding when the dura is peeled off during surgery. It is often a small frontal lobe lamellar hematoma, which can be excluded through the dural opening. (4) Cerebral edema: caused by ventilation disorder, often affecting the exposure of the skull base. The cerebral edema disappears when the ventilation obstruction is removed. No postoperative sequelae are usually left. (2) Postoperative complications: (1) Epidural hematoma: the incidence is 1.9%, and its clinical manifestations are atypical and difficult to make a diagnosis; therefore, those with abnormal symptoms and signs in the early postoperative period should not hesitate to undergo CT scan. (2) Resuscitation failure: blood loss may continue throughout the procedure. If hemorrhage occurs during surgery, it is fatal to the infant, and death often occurs due to respiratory distress and acute pulmonary edema. Its incidence is 1.3%. (3) Infection: Postoperative infections include incisional infections and meningitis. Incisional infection is manifested as redness and swelling of the incision without fever, and the general condition is mostly without major changes, which can generally be controlled by local treatment and systemic medication. If osteomyelitis develops and local drainage and flushing is ineffective, the infected bone flap must be completely removed. Meningitis may occur in individual patients and is often life-threatening. (3) Cerebrospinal fluid nasal leakage: the incidence is 1.9%, often occurs after craniofacial stenosis and is often complicated by meningitis, which can be cured by lumbar puncture and decompression of subarachnoid drainage. (4) Excessive scalp tension: Excessive scalp tension can cause incisional dehiscence or scalp necrosis, which is rare, and excessive scalp tension can also displace the bone flap. Extensive freeing of the scalp can reduce the tension of its suture. (5) Bone flap resorption: Bone flap resorption is rare, with an incidence of 0.7%, but it is one of the most worrisome complications of cranial flapplasty. Once the bone flap is absorbed, it will inevitably lead to surgical failure. (6) Postoperative epilepsy, visual and motoneural disturbances: all are rare.