Epilepsy, commonly known as sheep epilepsy and goat epilepsy, is a chronic recurrent transient brain dysfunction syndrome, the treatment of which is difficult and requires a long process, but it is not incurable. With proper understanding of epilepsy, early diagnosis and early treatment, most patients’ conditions can be completely controlled without seizures. Today, we will talk about the main manifestations and hazards of epilepsy, as well as the main diagnosis and main treatment methods. Epilepsy is a disease in which multiple causes cause paroxysmal abnormal discharges of neuronal populations in the brain resulting in seizures of abnormal motor, sensory, consciousness, mental, and vegetative nerve functions. Its causes are complex and include genetic, immune, infectious, metabolic, and traumatic causes. Over the millennia, there has been no shortage of talented individuals with epilepsy. The global incidence of epilepsy is 5‰-10‰, with 20-70 new cases per 10,000 people per year, and it is the second most common disease in neurology after stroke in terms of incidence. According to the latest epidemiological data in China, the overall prevalence of epilepsy in China is 7‰, the annual incidence rate is 28.8/100,000, and the prevalence of active epilepsy with seizures in a year is 4.6‰. According to this estimate, there are about 9 million epilepsy patients in China, of which 5-6 million are active epilepsy patients, of which about 3 million are drug-refractory epilepsy patients, while about 400,000 new epilepsy patients are added every year. Because of the different sites involved in the discharges, epilepsy can manifest as a combination of one or several symptoms, including abnormal twitching and movement, sensory abnormalities, impaired consciousness, psychiatric abnormalities, and abnormal autonomic function. The dangers of epilepsy are concentrated in the damage to the brain. Seizures can cause memory loss and impaired cognitive function in patients. In addition, epilepsy can have an effect on the patient’s behavior, and some patients with a long history of the disease may develop bizarre behavior or emotions. This usually manifests as pessimism, negativity, and low self-esteem. A very small percentage of patients who do not receive good first aid and conditioning measures during a seizure can result in accidental injury or even death. Currently, there are four main diagnostic methods for epilepsy: 1. Medical history. A detailed and accurate history is the main basis for diagnosis, including the prevailing environment, the duration of the seizure, the consciousness, posture, color, voice, the presence or absence of limb convulsions and their general order during the seizure. The imaging records of the seizure can provide the doctor with detailed information about the onset of the seizure, which helps to assist the doctor’s diagnosis. 2. Electroencephalogram. This is a great help to the diagnosis, especially in combination with various excitation methods, such as hyperventilation, flash stimulation, and special electrodes such as pterygoid electrodes, etc. Long-range (dynamic) EEG can significantly increase the positive rate of diagnosis, and abnormalities can be detected in about 80% of patients. 3. Imaging. This test should be done in all patients except those with identified primary epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes where neuroimaging is not required. Although imaging itself does not diagnose epilepsy, the main purpose of this test is to identify the cause and location of the epilepsy, to treat the cause, and to estimate the prognosis. The main tests include cranial CT, cranial MRI, MRA, etc. 4. Blood chemistry examination. Such as blood sugar, blood calcium, blood magnesium, drug composition, etc. The level of blood glucose, blood calcium and blood magnesium concentration is an important condition that causes epileptiform seizures, which is important for diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The main treatment methods and medication precautions for epilepsy are: 1. Clinically, antiepileptic drugs can be selected according to the type of seizure, and once a drug and dose that can completely control the seizure is found, it should be applied without interruption. The first time you are in a position to take the drug is when you are in full control of your seizures. 2. It is advisable to start with a small dose and then gradually increase the dose to the minimum effective dose that can control seizures and not produce toxic reactions. 3. The drug should not be stopped suddenly. Some patients with organic encephalopathy may need to take medication for life. 5. There are still 10-15% of patients who have difficulty controlling seizures, and surgical treatment can be used. In addition, the ketogenic diet and neuromodulation treatment measures also have good results for some patients.