The main risks of urinary stones to the urinary system are obstruction, infection and injury. Unilateral urological obstruction can cause hydronephrosis, which can lead to enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces in the long term, and eventually atrophy of the renal cortex into a water sac and loss of function. Bilateral obstruction can cause uremia. The combination of stone and infection can lead to stone pyelonephritis, pus accumulation, perinephritis, perinephric abscess, and eventually complete destruction of the kidney parenchyma. Stones, obstruction and infection are mutually beneficial, forming a vicious circle, i.e. stones cause obstruction, obstruction causes infection, and infection causes stones. In addition, stones can directly cause damage to the kidney and bladder, and through long-term irritation of the mucosa may cause squamous epithelial carcinoma, such as renal pelvis cancer and bladder cancer.