Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. In 1992, the Ministry of Health of China included hepatitis B vaccine into the planned immunization management, and all newborns were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, but the vaccine and its vaccination cost had to be paid by parents; since 2002, it has been formally included into the planned immunization, and all newborns were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine for free, but they had to pay the vaccination fee; since June 1, 2005, it has been changed to all free. Hepatitis B vaccination is mainly given to newborns, followed by infants and children and high-risk groups (such as medical personnel, people who are often exposed to blood, staff of childcare institutions, organ transplant patients, people who often receive blood transfusions or blood products, people with low immune function, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, men who are gay or have multiple sexual partners and people who inject drugs intravenously). Hepatitis B vaccine is administered in 3 doses, according to the 0, 1 and 6 months procedure, i.e. after the first vaccination, the second and third doses are administered at 1 and 6 months intervals. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns is given as early as possible, within 24 hours of birth. The site of vaccination is intramuscularly in the anterior lateral thigh for newborns and intramuscularly in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. The protection rate for blocking mother-to-child transmission with hepatitis B vaccine alone is 87.8%. For newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) should be administered as early as possible within 24 h after birth, preferably within 12 h after birth, at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 20 μg of Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, which can significantly improve the effect of blocking mother-to-child transmission. It is also possible to administer 1 dose of HBIG within 12 h after birth, followed by a second dose of HBIG 1 month later, and a simultaneous dose of 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, with the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine (10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine each) given at 1 and 6 months intervals, respectively. The latter is less convenient than the former, but its protection rate is higher than that of the former. Newborns can receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine administration within 12 h of birth. Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine during the neonatal period should be given a catch-up dose of 5 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; 20 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for adults. For those who are immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccination dose and number of doses should be increased; for those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program, 3 more doses can be administered, and the anti-HBs in the serum should be tested 1 to 2 months after the second 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination. The protective effect of those who have antibody response after hepatitis B vaccination generally lasts at least 12 years, therefore, the general population does not need anti-HBs monitoring or Therefore, the general population does not need anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, such as anti-HBs.