”Glomerulonephritis” is generally referred to as “nephritis”, and the lesions mainly occur in the glomerulus, clinically manifested as hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, and in some patients combined with renal insufficiency. According to the renal pathology obtained from renal biopsy, it is divided into primary glomerulonephritis such as IgA nephropathy, thylakoid nephritis, microscopic lesions, membranous nephropathy, focal stage glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative nephritis, and also secondary glomerulonephritis caused by lupus nephritis, vasculitic kidney damage, and certain rheumatic diseases. Treatment varies depending on the clinical renal pathology manifested. Therefore, patients with glomerulonephritis often require a renal biopsy. Pyelonephritis is an upstream involvement of pathogens via the lower urinary tract (bladder, urethra) to the ureter and renal pelvis (also known as the upper urinary tract) and requires intravenous antibiotics for control for a course of not less than 2 weeks. Incomplete treatment becomes chronic pyelonephritis, which will damage the kidneys and cause interstitial kidney damage (infectious interstitial nephritis), which will affect kidney function. Interstitial nephritis is often induced by infection, urinary tract obstruction and reflux, autoimmune diseases, drugs, metabolic toxicants, radiation damage, and genetic disorders. Clinically, it manifests as disorders of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance as well as anemia, renal insufficiency, and also glycosuria, amino aciduria, phosphaturia, and tubular proteinuria. Treatment mainly involves elimination of predisposing factors, treatment of the primary disease and symptomatic treatment. Pyelonephritis (“infectious interstitial nephritis”) is mainly an inflammation of the mucosa of the renal pelvis caused by bacterial (and rarely viral, fungal, chlamydial, mycoplasma) infection. Clinically, it presents with lumbar pain and discomfort, intermittent urinary frequency, discomfort in urination, and may be accompanied by malaise, low-grade fever, loss of appetite and renal tubular function damage, which may lead to uremia if the disease continues to progress. In acute infection, systemic infection symptoms are obvious, often with fever, chills and back pain. Long-term use of nephrotoxic drugs (painkillers, heavy metal preparations, aristolochic Chinese medicine, etc.) is also an important cause.