Urinary stones are one of the common diseases in urology, and they are the first among urological inpatients. The incidence of urinary stones in China is 1-5%, and up to 5-10% in the south. The annual incidence of new cases is about 150-200/100,000 people, 25% of whom require hospitalization, and kidney stones account for more than 80% of patients with urological calculi. Smaller kidney stones can be treated by lithotripsy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, but when the stones are large, they usually cannot be discharged by themselves, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is less effective. In the past, only open surgery could be performed to remove stones from these stones. However, open surgery is more traumatic, requiring a 15-20 cm incision and cutting off the muscles, and recovery is slow after surgery. Open surgery is also risky, as the kidney pelvis or even the kidney itself has to be cut open to remove the stone, which results in more bleeding. Especially for antler-type stones and complicated kidney stones, it is difficult to remove the stones, and it is common to remove the kidney due to uncontrollable bleeding during the operation, which makes many urologists reluctant to do this kind of surgery. With the advent of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, this situation has fundamentally changed. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is commonly referred to as “hole extraction” or “keyhole extraction”, which involves making a small hole of a few millimeters in diameter in the lumbar back that leads straight to the renal pelvis, where the stone is crushed and flushed out or removed with the help of an endoscopic monitoring device. The lithotripsy device is used to break up the stone and flush it out or remove it under endoscopic surveillance. In particular, the most advanced ultrasonic ballistic lithotripsy system in the world, which is currently being used in our hospital, can not only break up stones, but also suction them out at the same time, shortening the operation time and increasing the lithotripsy rate, as well as reducing postoperative fever and infection and other complications due to the low pressure in the renal pelvis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is not only less traumatic, less bleeding, and shorter operation time, but also has a particularly fast recovery, as the patient can generally go down to the ground the day after surgery and resume physical activities after two weeks. In addition, the stone removal rate is also much higher than that of conventional open surgery because it is directly observed inside the kidney with an endoscope. The more complicated the stones are, such as multiple stones, deerstalker-type stones, and stones with a history of open surgery, the more the advantages of percutaneous nephrolithotomy can be demonstrated. Nowadays, percutaneous nephrolithotomy has completely replaced open incisional stone extraction and is recommended as the treatment of choice for kidney stones larger than 2 cm in diameter.