Focal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition in which the patient’s lesion shows severe atypical hyperplasia. Intraepithelial neoplasia refers to a stage before the development of epithelial malignant tumors, which indicates that the tissue cells of the lesion are altered in morphology and arrangement compared with normal tissue cells. Generally, intraepithelial neoplasia can be divided into low-grade and high-grade, and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia refers to severe atypical hyperplasia. It is commonly found in the cervix, gastrointestinal mucosa and prostate gland. It requires active surgical resection of the lesion, and after surgery to assess whether there are any tumor cells left at the margin, and regular follow-up and review according to medical advice to prevent tumor recurrence. In conclusion, if the pathological examination of the patient suggests that the focal lesion is high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, the patient needs to be highly vigilant, and should be actively treated and rechecked under the guidance of specialists.