Routine hearing screening of newborns has now been introduced in China and is important for the early diagnosis and treatment of deafness. It should be noted that those who do not pass the initial test in routine hearing screening of newborns are not necessarily deaf, and if they are diagnosed with deafness after multiple tests, they are not necessarily congenitally or genetically deaf. The specific reasons for this are as follows: 1. Pediatric hearing detection and assessment is far more difficult than that of adults, and is highly susceptible to misdiagnosis, resulting in irreparable errors in diagnosis, treatment and management. Hearing screening instruments are relatively rudimentary, and the test results are for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for treatment. For initial detection of hearing abnormality, a review of the auditory brainstem potential, multi-frequency steady-state evoked response, plus otoacoustic emission, tympanogram and stapedius muscle reflex should be performed at a hospital qualified for subjective and objective hearing testing to confirm the current hearing status. For unstable or uncertain test results, another qualified hospital should be consulted for a reliable conclusion. To avoid potential adverse effects of sedative tranquilizers on the child and possible interference with the reliability of the test results, it is recommended that the child be put to sleep before the test with the cooperation of the parents. It must be emphasized that there are many factors that interfere with the accuracy of pediatric hearing tests, such as developmental problems, developmental level problems, examination cooperation problems, pre-test medication problems, accuracy of instruments used for pediatric testing, and technical operation problems of the examiner can affect the analysis of the test results. Therefore, 1 or 2 tests or 1 or 2 tests cannot scientifically determine the true hearing status of a child. For results of doubtful accuracy, additional examinations or repeated examinations are often needed before reliable conclusions can be drawn. Iron deficiency deafness is the only form of sensorineural deafness that can be effectively treated for its cause. To confirm the diagnosis of iron deficiency deafness, in addition to clinical audiological examination, a series of blood biochemical and immunological tests are required to clarify the specific aspects of the iron metabolism disorder. 3. If iron deficiency deafness is ruled out, the possibility of congenital or genetic deafness is considered. Deafness genetic screening is an important reference for the diagnosis of congenital or hereditary deafness. For example, the SLC26A4 gene in patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome is called the PDS gene, and the PDS full sequence scan can be used as an objective indicator to analyze and diagnose large vestibular aqueduct syndrome; furthermore, the GJB2 gene is considered the most common deafness-causing gene in China, and a child with a positive GJB2 gene should be considered for congenital or genetic deafness. A pure mutation of 538C>T in the GJB3 gene suggests a high probability of deafness at present or deafness in the future, while a heterozygous mutation of 538C>T in the GJB3 gene suggests the possibility of deafness in the future or not, and therefore requires long-term hearing monitoring. Therefore, long-term hearing monitoring is required. 4. Neonatal bilirubin encephalopathy and congenital or acquired cytomegalovirus infection are also relatively common causes of deafness, and once diagnosed, treatment is extremely difficult. After the child is diagnosed with severe hearing impairment, the cause of the disease should be clarified first. It is recommended to listen to several experts from major hospitals to help make the right choice. Just because one hospital cannot find the cause of the disease does not mean that another hospital cannot find the cause either. If the cause is clear, standardized and systematic treatment of the cause should be considered first. Those who fail to receive treatment should consider hearing aids or cochlear implants as appropriate. Regardless of the choice of treatment, hearing aids or cochlear implants, hearing rehabilitation for most children is a relatively long process (usually measured in years, but the possibility of rapid recovery for a few early treatment cases cannot be ruled out). Parents should be well prepared for this.