Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of urethral development, which refers to the hypoplasia of the anterior urethra, and the urethral opening is located on the pathway from the ventral side of the penis to the perineum, and most of them are accompanied by the ventral flexion of the penis, forming a penile hypospadias. The following four points are important for the diagnosis of hypospadias: 1. abnormal urethral opening; 2. deformed penile flexion to the ventral side; 3. normal dorsal penile prepuce and lack of ventral prepuce; 4. hypoplasia of the urethral corpus cavernosum, which extends from the penile tether to the abnormal urethral opening, forming a thick fibrous band. It is reported in China that there is 1 case of hypospadias in every 300 male infants. There are four clinical types based on the location of the urethral opening: penile head type, penile body type, penile scrotum type and perineum type, of which the penile head type is the most common, accounting for about half of the cases. The occurrence of hypospadias is mostly due to congenital factors or hereditary factors, such as: due to insufficient gonadal function during the embryonic period, reduced androgen secretion, and incomplete fusion of the urethral fold wall, resulting in different degrees of defects in the lower wall of the ventral urethra of the penis, forming hypospadias. It is also believed that the disease is transmitted by a recessive genetic factor, and its development seems to be hereditary and familial. Hypospadias, regardless of the type, can only be treated with orthopedic treatment, and the best time for surgery is: stage I penile straightening at 1-2 years of age; stage II urethroplasty at 5-8 years of age. Supraurethral cleft in males is less common than hypospadias and is also a congenital urethral anomaly, which refers to the underdevelopment of the anterior urethra, resulting in an ectopic urethral opening on the dorsal side of the penis. Supraurethral cleft is common in men, with a prevalence of 1 in 120,000 men. Depending on the location of the urethral orifice, there are three types: ① Penile head type: the urethral orifice opens on the dorsal side of the broad and flat penile head; ② Penile type: the urethral orifice opens between the pubic symphysis and the coronal sulcus, with a wide couch-like urethral orifice and a sulcus distal to the penile head; ③ Penile pubic bone type: the urethral orifice opens at the pubic symphysis, with a complete urethral sulcus on the dorsal side of the penis to the penile head. Urinary incontinence rarely occurs in the penile head type; in the penile and penile pubic bone types, the incidence of urinary incontinence is 75% and 95% each. Urinary incontinence is usually a result of urethral sphincter dysplasia and may also present with distal penile curvature. Pubic separation is often combined with bladder ectropion, and supraurethral cleft is considered a milder form of bladder ectropion; severe supraurethral cleft is often complicated by bladder ectropion. Supraurethral cleft can only be treated by surgical orthopedics, which aims to control urination, remove the fibrous cords to straighten the penis, and reconstruct the urethra. Penile reconstruction alone is difficult to achieve control of urinary incontinence and often requires cystoplasty to fully control urination. If incontinence persists after surgical correction, artificial sphincter surgery can be considered, but the success rate of repairing the urethral sphincter is not high at present.