The nutritional status of pregnant women directly affects the growth and development of the fetus, and in recent years, the influence of vitamins and trace elements on the growth and development of the fetus has gradually received attention. Therefore, it is very important to understand the needs of trace elements and vitamins during pregnancy and their rational application. 1, iodine Iodine is an important hormone that promotes human growth and development, maintains metabolism and promotes brain development. Iodine deficiency can be harmful to the development of nerve cells in the brain. Therefore, the first three months of pregnancy is one of the key periods for iodine supplementation. Effective measures to prevent iodine deficiency, in addition to the daily diet with high iodine intake of food (kelp, shrimp), can be appropriate to take some iodine products to ensure that the body has enough iodine. 2, calcium Calcium is the basic substance that constitutes the bones and teeth of pregnant women and fetuses. Calcium deficiency in pregnant women will lead to muscle cramps, sweating, bone and joint pain, edema, etc. In serious cases, it will lead to osteoporosis, loose teeth and insufficient milk after delivery. In order to have a healthy and smart child, calcium supplementation should be started before pregnancy. Calcium is mostly contained in dairy products, dark green vegetables, crustaceans, dried fruits and bones. If you make soup with beef bone, pork bone or lamb bone and add some vinegar, you can absorb more than 70% of calcium. 3, iron In order to give birth to a healthy and smart child, pregnant women should pay attention to the iron supplementation during pregnancy. Iron deficiency in pregnant women can cause low hemoglobin anemia, which in severe cases leads to a decrease in the immune function of the body; for the fetus can cause chronic hypoxia, so that the fetal preterm birth rate and perinatal mortality significantly increased. The most effective way to supplement iron is to eat iron-rich food or add iron preparations to food, such as animal liver, egg yolk, lean meat, beans, sunflower seeds, nori, cinnamon, black fungus, and cherry juice and ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, etc. 4, zinc Pregnant women during pregnancy, if zinc can meet the needs of the fetus, will make the fetus bone growth, the formation of the nervous system and normal physical development. Zinc deficiency can lead to congenital anomalies, low birth weight and preterm delivery, as well as complications of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, bleeding during delivery, infection and stalled labor. In order to ensure the nutrition of pregnant women, you can eat cattle, lamb, pork and fish, seafood, etc., which have high zinc content. 5, vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds necessary to maintain human health. Pregnant women take appropriate amounts of various vitamins, beneficial to the healthy growth and development of the fetus. Vitamin A Vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women can lead to premature and stillbirth of the fetus, increase the chance of postpartum infection, and the fetus may be teratogenic (such as cleft lip, cleft palate, small head deformity, etc.). Foods rich in vitamin A include cod liver oil, carrots, egg yolks and milk. Vitamin B The B vitamins have the greatest impact on pregnant women. In early pregnancy, B vitamins not only prevent fetal malformations and congenital heart disease, but also nourish the nerves and suppress nausea and vomiting reactions. Early in pregnancy, vomiting is so severe that pregnant women who cannot eat should pay particular attention to supplementation. It is mostly contained in lean meat, beef, coarse grains and celery and lettuce leaves. Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy, gum swelling and bleeding, affect normal bone calcification, poor wound healing, low resistance, and can lead to an increase in the rate of preterm birth. Vitamin C mainly comes from fresh vegetables and fruits (sour dates, hawthorn, mandarin oranges, strawberries, millets, etc.). Vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women can lead to bone softening and pelvic deformities. Excessive supplementation of vitamin D and calcium can cause anorexia, vomiting, irritable crying, polyuria and diarrhea in pregnant women; fetal heart valve syndrome, pulmonary artery and aortic stenosis in newborns, and poor IQ. It is mostly contained in cod liver oil and poultry eggs. Vitamin E Deficiency of vitamin E to newborns, premature infants produce erythrocyte hemolytic anemia, which can lead to fetal death or miscarriage. Peanut oil, canola oil, germ of cereals, many green plants, meat, milk and eggs are good sources of vitamin E.