The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body. It can move in many directions, such as forward, upward, abduction, adduction, and extension. However, the shoulder joint is more mobile and also more prone to injury and instability. Certain occupations are also associated with shoulder disorders, such as cleaning walls, hanging curtains, and gardening; swimmers, tennis players, and weightlifters, especially throwers, are prone to shoulder injuries. If you have a shoulder injury or shoulder pain, you should pay attention to the following questions: l. Is the shoulder joint stiff? Can you rotate your arm normally? 2. Is there a feeling of shoulder joint misalignment? 3. Is there any weakness in the shoulder joint? If you have any of these problems, you should go to the hospital for treatment. The normal shoulder joint is a pestle joint. It consists of three bones: the upper end of the humerus, the scapula and the clavicle. The head of the humerus and the articular fossa of the scapula form the glenohumeral joint. The articular fossa of the scapula is surrounded by a layer of soft tissue, and the humeral head is covered with smooth, tough articular cartilage and a very thin synovial membrane that reduces friction in the shoulder joint. The part of the scapula that rises above the front of the scapula is the acromion. One end of the clavicle is connected to the acromion to form the acromioclavicular joint. The other end of the clavicle is connected to the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint. The joint capsule is a thin layer of fibers that wraps around the shoulder joint. The presence of the capsule allows for greater mobility and stability of the shoulder joint. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that attach to the upper arm and scapula. The rotator cuff covers the shoulder joint and the joint capsule. The rotator cuff can lift the arm, feel overhead, and participate in activities such as throwing and swimming. The bursa, which covers the rotator cuff between the rotator cuff and the scapula, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication during activity. What types of shoulder injuries are most common? Shoulder injuries include areas of the muscles, ligaments and tendons. Shoulder problems are often categorized as follows: Rotator cuff injuries More than four million people in the United States seek medical care for shoulder problems each year, and rotator cuff injuries are one of the most common causes among patients over the age of 40. The rotator cuff is the tendon tissue that wraps around the shoulder joint in front, above and behind the shoulder joint, stabilizing the shoulder joint. The rotator cuff can lift the arm and hold things higher than the top of the head. Trauma and repetitive lifting activities can cause rotator cuff injuries. After rotator cuff injury, there is a tendency to have constant pain in the rotator cuff joint, which can be exacerbated during shoulder supination activities and can affect the function of the shoulder joint. Nocturnal pain in the rotator cuff, especially when lying on the affected side, may affect sleep at night; friction or popping sensation when moving the shoulder joint, and limited shoulder movement. Shoulder impingement The shoulder impingement sign is caused by excessive friction between the rotator cuff and the acromion. Impingement problems may occur when engaging in an activity that requires lifting the arm frequently. The symptoms are similar to a rotator cuff injury. If not properly treated it may lead to more serious tendon damage and cause shoulder dysfunction. Shoulder instability A condition where the shoulder joint moves out of its normal position due to activity or violence is called instability, and in some cases can cause the shoulder joint to become completely misaligned. When the shoulder joint becomes unstable and the arm is lifted, the shoulder joint may become painful and it may also feel like the shoulder joint is slipping out of its normal position. How is a shoulder injury treated? Early diagnosis is the key to avoiding a serious shoulder injury. Treatment for shoulder disorders usually includes both non-surgical and surgical treatments. Non-surgical treatment consists mainly of changes in daily activities, avoidance of overhead arm movements and aggressive individualized rehabilitation. If the pain is very severe, or if rest and medication are not effective, subacromial steroid injections may be considered. s8% of patients may experience relief as a result, but the injections should not be repeated multiple times, as they can damage the rotator cuff, and surgery needs to be considered if the injections are not effective. If conservative treatment does not work, or if the patient has a combined rotator cuff rupture, surgical treatment is recommended, including removal of the rostral acromion ligament and removal of the anterior and inferior acromion bones. If the rotator cuff is ruptured, repair surgery is also performed. Subacromial decompression is performed arthroscopically to reduce postoperative discomfort and accelerate recovery, and the technique is now well established. The purpose of decompression is to thin and flatten the thicker, more curved rotator cuff to prevent the upper arm from being held forward and the rotator cuff from being rubbed by the rotator cuff. Arthroscopic surgery can be performed with a few small incisions, so it is the future of treatment. When performing rotator cuff repair, the ruptured edges are cleaned and the contracted rotator cuff is loosened and fixed tension-free to the greater tuberosity of the humerus. There are various methods of fixation, such as anchor nailing. If treatment is delayed, the M-weave structure of the ruptured residual rotator cuff may not be good and may reopen after fixation and suturing. Currently, there is an orthopedic trend to do rotator cuff repair arthroscopically, using several small incisions to arthroscopically pin the ruptured tendon to the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Arthroscopic surgery can reduce postoperative discomfort and shorten the recovery time. Surgical treatment of shoulder instability: Shoulder instability is mostly anterior instability, which often damages the glenoid labrum ligament complex of the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint stability can be rebuilt by reconstructing the ligament attachment points, folding or tightening the soft tissue under shoulder arthroscopy.