Circumcision and prepuce are the most common congenital disorders of the male genital organs. Circumcision is a condition in which the foreskin covers the entire head of the penis and the urethra, but can be turned up to expose the head of the penis. Circumcision refers to the narrowing of the foreskin opening, which tightens around the head of the penis and cannot be turned up. In addition, chronic circumcision of the head of the penis, injury to the foreskin and head of the penis are also common causes of secondary prepuce. If the foreskin is too long and cannot be turned up frequently for cleaning, the coronal groove and the inner plate of the foreskin will collect more foreskin scale, which will easily lead to penile circumcision, and the long-term recurrence of inflammation will thicken and narrow the foreskin mouth, and the foreskin and penis will form adhesions to form secondary prepuce. Circumcision can bring the following hazards: (1) narrow circumcision hinders the development of the penis head or even the whole penis. (2) The accumulation of foreskin scale causes inflammation of the foreskin and penis head, which often causes urethritis and stenosis of the external urethra, and in serious cases, can lead to urinary tract infections, urinary difficulties and even acute urinary retention, resulting in damage to kidney function. (3) Because of the difficulty in urination often increase abdominal pressure, may occur hernia and prolapse and other complications. (4) After marriage, during sexual intercourse, because the foreskin is forcibly turned up and not recovered in time, the narrow foreskin mouth is tightly hooped above the coronal groove of the penis, resulting in distal foreskin and penile head blood flow obstruction to produce local edema and bruising, i.e. foreskin imbedded. When the foreskin is embedded, it is advisable to reset the foreskin in a timely manner, but if the local edema is serious and cannot be reset manually, it is advisable to use surgery. (5) The accumulation of foreskin scale in the penis, chronic stimulation can induce penile or foreskin leukoplakia, papilloma penile cancer, long-term stimulation of foreskin scale can also induce cervical cancer in the female partner. The treatment of circumcision and prepuce includes: circumcision, circumcision, circumcision and circumcision mouth enlargement. The surgery should be performed when the affected child is 5-6 years old. Related research advances on circumcision 1. Circumcision reduces HIV infection in men The results of a randomized controlled clinical study of circumcision in three-star men conducted in sub-Saharan Africa between 2005 and 2007 showed a 55-76% reduction in HIV infection in the circumcision group compared to men in the waiting for circumcision group. Circumcision may be used as a method of HIV prevention. Possible mechanisms for this are as follows: (1) The foreskin or prepuce often accumulates foreskin scale and forms a moist environment between the foreskin and the glans penis, which is conducive to virus survival. (2) The inner plate of the male foreskin has a thin skin tissue cuticle, which is prone to frictional damage or the formation of ulcers and infections, etc. Circumcision removes most of the inner plate of the foreskin, eliminating these susceptibility factors. (3) The mucosal layer of the inner foreskin contains a large number of HIV target cells. The inner foreskin plate and the tether are the main invasion pathways of HIV, and after circumcision, these target cells are greatly reduced. 2, circumcision for sexual function most scholars believe that the circumcision or circumcised patients because of long-term moisture in the foreskin cavity, conducive to bacterial growth, the chance of complications prostatitis greatly increased, and chronic prostatitis prone to impotence, premature ejaculation and other sexual dysfunction, circumcision is not only conducive to the hygiene of the foreskin glans, but also conducive to prevent the occurrence of prostatitis and other diseases, and therefore has the ability to improve the sexual function of patients. . After circumcision, the glans is fully exposed and stimulated by friction with the inner skin of the femur and underwear for a long time, the sensitivity of its glans and coronal sensory nerves decreases, prolonging the somatic sensation induced by stimulation of the penis head, thus making the intercourse time prolonged and sexual life satisfaction increased, which can achieve the purpose of treating premature ejaculation. In addition, because circumcision changes the local structure of the penis, causing inconvenience to masturbation, coupled with a period of time after surgery can not or inconvenient local stimulation, for the elimination of masturbation habits have a certain role.