Calcium plays a pivotal role in the physiological processes of the human body, and for children it is an important nutrient for healthy growth. Calcium is also closely related to common childhood diseases, and research on the prevention and treatment of calcium deficiency diseases has made great progress. On the other hand, high calcium is also harmful to children and must be emphasized. Calcium and common childhood diseases I. Calcium and pediatric epilepsy and febrile convulsions Febrile convulsions are a special type of epilepsy syndrome. Su Zu Pei has pointed out that hidden vitamin D deficiency and insufficient calcium reserves often induce convulsions due to febrile illness. It has been reported that 15% of children with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs have rickets X-ray changes, and blood calcium, phosphorus decreased, alkaline phosphatase increased, bone mineral content decreased, etc. Therefore, long-term anti-epileptic drugs should pay attention to the appropriate amount of supplemental calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Calcium and neonatal convulsions 80% of the calcium required for fetal bone is obtained in the last three months of pregnancy, maternal calcium deficiency during pregnancy, the neonate is prone to low calcium storage The newborn is prone to convulsions. After birth, milk feeding, high phosphorus content, inhibit calcium absorption. Increased secretion of calcitonin in newborns leads to hypocalcemia. Newborns should monitor the blood calcium, timely calcium supplementation. Calcium and tardive dyskinesia Vitamin D deficiency, insufficient calcium reserves Explicit: convulsions, tardive dyskinesia, laryngospasm. Hidden: convulsions are often induced by febrile illness. Calcium and congenital laryngeal stridor Insufficient vitamin D and calcium in mothers and infants, laryngeal cartilage softening, laryngeal narrowing, weak tracheal layer and so on, resulting in clucking, croup and loss of voice. Fifth, calcium and neonatal fractures Fractures in birth injuries are common in the clavicle, limbs, etc., especially in preterm infants osteoporosis is more likely to occur, with cholestasis, vitamin D deficiency, calcium malabsorption, lead poisoning and so on. Treatment of fractures include immobilization, supplemental calcium, phosphorus, D to promote bone mineralization. Six, calcium and pediatric diarrheal disease pediatric diarrheal disease is often accompanied by dehydration and acidosis, acidosis combined with calcium decrease, ionic calcium relative increase. After correcting the acid binding calcium gradually recovered, ionized calcium is relatively reduced, not timely supplementation will appear hypocalcemia, convulsions. pH value change 0.1 units will make the ionized calcium concentration change 10%. The principle of pediatric diarrhea rehydration: sugar and salt and give up the first thick and then light, first fast and then slow, there is a urine supplement potassium, acid correction calcium VII, calcium and lactose intolerant intestinal lactose with microbial role in the formation of an acidic environment, conducive to the absorption of calcium, intolerant people avoid or less lactose drinks, is the lack of the above factors conducive to calcium. In addition, too much dietary fiber, as well as phytic acid, etc. can combine calcium and reduce calcium absorption and utilization. Calcium and hypoproteinemia Although calcium in the extracellular fluid can be exchanged freely with bone calcium, it is still in a very stable state. Serum calcium is 40% protein-bound. The remaining 60% is ultrafiltered. 80-90% of the bound calcium is bound to albumin. A decrease in serum albumin leads to a decrease in total serum calcium. If serum albumin decreases by 10g/L, serum total calcium concentration decreases by 10mg/L. Calcium and High Protein Low Fat Diet Increase renal calcium excretion when consuming a high protein diet. High protein diet can cause osteoporosis, too low-fat, bile salt secretion is insufficient, delayed vitamin D absorption, reduce calcium absorption and utilization. Calcium and immunity 1. Calcium and magnesium ions are involved in activating the role of complement 2. Calcium ions have an immunomodulatory function, and reasonable supplementation of calcium nutrition can help improve immune function (Han Xiu Ju). Calcium and intestinal cramps in children Primary intestinal cramps are similar to calf cramps, which are momentary episodes that can cause severe pain, but not for a long time, and return to normal after the pain, and will not affect the growth and development of children. The main cause of primary intestinal cramps is a lack of calcium in the body, while shock or some other stimulus is only a trigger. In children with insufficient calcium intake, low free calcium in the blood can increase neuromuscular excitability, smooth muscle of the intestinal wall and sympathetic nerves are easily stimulated by cold, cold food, high sugar food, dairy products, parasites and other stimuli and over-excitement, causing intestinal spasm and abdominal pain. Prevention and treatment of intestinal cramps should be supplemented with calcium, 300-500mg of calcium per day, and more calcium-rich foods in the usual diet, such as milk, beans, fish and so on. Twelve, calcium to prevent children from growing pains The occurrence of growing pains is related to calcium deficiency. Children’s growth rate is fast, the amount of calcium salt deposited in the bones is large, and the need for calcium is also large, according to the calculation of each kilogram of body weight, the calcium needs of children in this period is 2-4 times that of adults. After children go to sleep at night, growth hormone secretion is vigorous, so that the joint epiphysis osteoblast activity increases, producing bone glue and other matrix, and then calcium and phosphorus in the local deposition, so that the bones become longer, the epiphyseal bone matrix in the epiphyseal end of a day of strenuous activities, the pressure and produce a slight damage and deformation, stimulation of the periosteum, resulting in pain, especially after going to sleep at night, the feeling is more pronounced. Therefore, for children with growing pains, calcium supplements can reduce or disappear the symptoms, and taking calcium supplements before going to sleep or drinking a glass of milk has a more obvious effect. Hong Qingcheng and others observed 18 cases of growing pains bone X-ray without obvious abnormalities, BALP are elevated, measured at about 250u, after oral administration of Inconvenience and gold calcium 2 months after the disappearance of the symptoms, BALP returned to normal. Calcium and myopia When the eyeball lacks calcium, the intraocular pressure cannot be maintained normally, and the instability of intraocular pressure can lead to myopia. Therefore, in the age of high incidence of myopia (eleven, two to seventeen, eight years old) moderate supplementation of calcium, will be beneficial to the prevention of myopia. Fourteen, calcium and girls with dysmenorrhea According to the American psychologist Jams. According to American psychologist James Palen research results, eat a diet high in calcium can reduce premenstrual syndrome menstrual cramps, as well as menstrual back pain, cramps, urinary retention, neurotic-like irritability or depression, reduce the number of girls crying during menstruation. Therefore, calcium can be used to prevent and control dysmenorrhea in young girls. Fifteen, calcium and intestinal polyps According to a study confirmed that calcium can prevent the proliferation of intestinal polyps, calcium can also limit the bile acids through the intestinal tract and have the role of preventing intestinal cancer. Sixteen, calcium and children’s hyperactivity disorder Children’s hyperactivity disorder is a kind of continuous excitation of the nervous system, involuntary transmission of some motor information symptoms, often showing inattention, quiet, unconscious movements, nighttime without forced to fall asleep and so on. There are many triggers for this disorder, but the real cause is still unknown, and calcium deficiency is one of the triggers. One of the functions of calcium is to maintain the normal contact of nerve cells in the brain and to reduce the excitability of nerve cells, thus having a calming effect. Due to the lack of calcium and children’s brain nerve cell development is not perfect, is in the period of growth and activity, the contact between the cells is not yet in order, resulting in often some of the action information is transmitted, resulting in symptoms of hyperactivity disorder, in fact, the brain nerve cells are over-sensitive,. Excitation threshold is very low, light stimulation can cause excitement. The occurrence of ADHD is related to calcium metabolism malfunction. Practice has proved that calcium supplementation can maintain the normal contact of the brain nerves, reduce the excitability of nerve cells, and accelerate the relief of ADHD symptoms. So timely supplementation of calcium for the prevention and treatment of children with ADHD can receive better results. Seventeen, calcium and children’s learning difficulties caused by children’s learning difficulties due to many reasons, this part of the children due to the connection between the brain nerve cells, combined with the lag in the development of the system function, the brain’s system function depends on the connection between the brain cells, i.e., whether the development of synapses is adequate, neurotransmitter secretion and metabolism is normal, the growth of nerve cells and the development of intercellular synapses and calcium metabolism has a close relationship. Improving children’s calcium nutritional status can multiply the number of brain nerves and enhance the ability to secrete neurotransmitters, which is conducive to children’s learning ability and performance. Eighteen, calcium and pediatric skin diseases, calcium has to reduce capillary permeability to reduce oozing, anti-inflammatory, swelling, anti-allergic effect. Calcium can improve the efficacy of such skin diseases. Infantile eczema is most common within 1-6 months of birth, and the etiology and pathogenesis of eczema are more complex. Calcium is involved in the regulation of many ion channels in the cell membrane and maintains the integrity of the cell membrane. Calcium reduces capillary permeability, prevents exudation, and reduces inflammation and edema. Therefore, when the body is deficient in calcium, infants with hereditary allergies are more likely to develop allergies. Calcium is commonly used clinically as a non-specific desensitizing drug to reduce capillary permeability and treat urticaria and atopic dermatitis. In recent years, some scholars believe that in the congenital allergic body may be due to vascular hypocalcemic spasm so that the local blood supply is insufficient, and rash, skin roughness, dandruff, etc. Calcium has the role of regulating the function of the plant nerves, can lift the vascular spasm, improve the local blood supply, which is conducive to the treatment of eczema. Calcium and dental caries The incidence rate of dental caries among children in China is 56-70%, and the average number of teeth involved is 2.47. Keyes proposed that the three elements of dental caries formation are teeth, food and bacteria. Han Xiuju reported that salivary calcium content is related to the maturation and mineralization of tooth enamel, which can increase the mineralization of enamel surface after eruption. Once the body is deficient in calcium, salivary calcium content decreases, this protective effect is weakened, prone to dental caries. Twenty, calcium and childhood obesity Childhood obesity is a malnutrition disease caused by overnutrition. Calcium ions are transduction factors that mediate lipogenesis and anti-lipolysis. Qi Jili et al. reported 65 cases of pediatric obesity measured its erythrocyte cytoplasm significantly higher, hair calcium significantly lower, suggesting that obese children in a certain period of time there is a calcium deficiency. When dietary calcium is deficient, the body maintains normal blood calcium concentrations through calcitropic hormones (parathyroid hormone and active vitamin D) while causing intracellular calcium accumulation, especially in adipocytes. The intracellular calcium regulates adipocyte differentiation and maturation by inhibiting lipolysis and promoting fat synthesis and bi-directional regulation of adipocyte differentiation, which ultimately leads to the development of obesity. Increasing dietary calcium reduces the production of calcitropic hormones, which in turn reduces intracellular calcium and prevents the development of obesity. Achieving the recommended amount of dietary calcium can help reduce body weight and body fat in both normal weight and obese individuals. Elevated blood calcium can increase the secretion of calcitonin, a hormone that reduces appetite, thereby decreasing the amount of food eaten and helping obese children to moderate their diets. In addition, calcium, especially ionized calcium in the intestinal tract can be combined with fatty acids and cholesterol in food, and the lipids in the combined state can be discharged with feces, thus reducing intestinal absorption of fat and helping children lose weight. Adequate intake of calcium has the effect of lowering low-density lipoprotein, lowering blood cholesterol levels, which is conducive to the prevention of hypertension and protection of the heart. Twenty-one, calcium and lead poisoning Environmental problems have become a new health hazard for children, lead poisoning has become a subject of concern for the medical profession. Calcium and lead belong to the same 2-valent metal elements, their metabolic process and the role of the target organs and tissues also have a lot in common.Mahaffey in the early 20th century on the discovery of calcium and lead in the metabolic process of the relationship between the research found that lead and calcium absorption have the same pathway and process.Sobel’s research suggests that reducing the calcium content in the diet to increase the absorption of lead and lead deposition of the bone.Lederer found that the increase of calcium content in the diet, the femur of rats in the diet, and the increase of calcium content in the diet, lead absorption. Lederer found that an increase in calcium in the diet was associated with a decrease in lead in the femur of rats. Ziegler showed a negative correlation between calcium intake and lead absorption in children. The results of animal studies by Shen et al. suggest that calcium supplementation not only reduces lead exposure, but also reduces the developmental damage caused by lead. Calcium and lead ions enjoy the same ion transport channel or ion transport protein in the small intestine epithelium, so there is a competitive inhibition of the absorption of the two ions. There are also interactions at the level of the central nervous system and neurons. Chen Lianyuan 2001 prevention and treatment of lead damage paired study suggests that after taking organic calcium for 30 days, the urinary calcium level rises, the blood lead level decreases, and the symptoms are reduced. Hong Qingcheng et al. suggested that reasonable supplementation of calcium can reach the purpose of lead repellent, calcium can fight against lead poisoning in children, and organic calcium is more effective. Hong Qingcheng observed 28 cases of taking calcium before and after 2 months of blood lead level comparison, blood lead measurement value average reduction of 34.7%. The harm of high calcium to children Calcium load increase, promote renal excretion of sodium, potassium, greatly reducing the urine concentration function, urination and thirst, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain and constipation, intestinal obstruction, high calcium affects the absorption of iron, zinc utilization is reduced, and blood phosphorus is reduced. Calcium/magnesium >5, leading to magnesium deficiency. Hypercalcemic alkalosis, decreased renal function, cardiac conduction block, shortened QT interval, renal calculi, renal failure. A low-calcium diet improves pediatric idiopathic hypercalciuria, an unexplained condition with increased urinary calcium excretion, manifested primarily by gross or microscopic hematuria, with the potential danger of leading to nephrocalcinosis: urinary stones, impaired bone calcification. Increased bone fragility severely affects pediatric growth and development. The pathogenesis may be either transient elevation of blood calcium due to excessive selective absorption of calcium by metals leading to increased glomerular filtration of calcium or defective tubular reabsorption of calcium leading to increased urinary calcium leakage.