In dental emergencies, tooth pain and oral and maxillofacial swelling are the main causes of dental emergencies, according to statistics, acute toothache accounts for 56.67% of the total number of emergencies in the same period, maxillofacial inflammation, trauma and other emergency patients accounted for 42.99%, other cases accounted for 0.34%, the common diseases causing dental emergencies are summarized as follows: a. Odontogenic pain “toothache is not a disease, pain The folk saying “toothache is not a disease, but a pain that kills” can be a good illustration of the severity of toothache and the negative attitude in dealing with it. The actual understanding should be that although toothache is not a life-threatening disease, the pain can be so severe that it can be unbearable. Therefore, it is especially important to identify the various causes of toothache and how to quickly and effectively relieve the patient’s symptoms. 1. Acute pulpitis Acute pulpitis, as a form of irreducible pulpitis, is a common cause of acute inflammation in dentistry and is characterized clinically by acute onset and severe pain. The vast majority of clinical manifestations belong to the acute attack of chronic pulpitis, with more significant damage of cariogenic origin. Acute pulpitis without chronic process mostly occurs when the pulp is subjected to acute physical damage, chemical stimulation and infection. 2, acute periapical inflammation Acute periapical inflammation is a series of reactions from the emergence of plasma inflammation in the periodontal membrane of the apical part to the formation of purulent inflammation in the periapical tissue, which is a continuous process from mild to severe lesions and from small to large lesions. At the peak of the disease process, it is already a limited osteomyelitis of the alveolar bone, and in severe cases, it can also lead to osteomyelitis of the jaw. 3, interoperative pain in endodontic treatment With the widespread use of root canal therapy in the treatment of acute pulpitis and acute periapical inflammation, the occurrence of interoperative pain in the course of endodontic treatment is increasing, and it has become another common type of acute toothache. 4. Acute periodontal abscess Acute periodontal abscess is not an independent disease, but a common concomitant condition after the development of periodontitis to an advanced stage and the appearance of deep periodontal pockets. It is a confined purulent inflammation located in the wall of the periodontal pocket or deep periodontal tissue and is generally an acute process. Second, non-dental pain 1, trigeminal neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia is a paroxysmal electric shock-like severe pain in the distribution area of the trigeminal nerve, lasting from a few seconds to several minutes, with intermittent asymptomatic periods, which can radiate to the bone and teeth. In clinical practice, there are many patients with trigeminal neuralgia mistaken for toothache, which need to be carefully differentiated. 2, cardiac pain Clinically, a considerable number of patients suffering from cardiac disorders often come to the clinic with toothache as the main complaint, so the patient’s body should be considered as a whole to prevent misdiagnosis and accidents. 3, maxillary sinusitis Clinically, it is common to see ipsilateral maxillary posterior toothache caused by non-dental chronic maxillary sinusitis, as well as a significant portion of acute maxillary sinusitis. When suffering from maxillary sinusitis, the maxillary posterior teeth on the affected side may show painful symptoms similar to pulpitis. Because the apical region of the maxillary posterior teeth is anatomically adjacent to the floor of the maxillary sinus, and the nerve of the pulp in this region passes through the lateral wall or floor of the maxillary sinus before entering the apical foramen, acute inflammation in the maxillary sinus can involve the pulpal nerve of the corresponding maxillary posterior teeth and cause “toothache”, and the pain can then spread to the head and face and be easily The pain can be easily misdiagnosed. Acute gingival papillitis Acute gingival papillitis is an acute nonspecific inflammation of the interdental papillae with lesions limited to individual teeth, and is a relatively common acute lesion that is clinically confused with pulpitis as patients often present with complaints of toothache. 5, wisdom tooth pericoronitis Wisdom tooth pericoronitis refers to the wisdom tooth (third molar) eruption incomplete or obstructed, the soft tissue around the crown inflammation, clinically the mandibular wisdom tooth pericoronitis is common, due to the onset of location in the deep oral cavity, the patient is not easy to find periodontal lesions, often with complaints of toothache to see. 6.Atypical toothache Atypical toothache is a persistent pain phenomenon that is difficult to explain and occurs in teeth that are healthy both in body and periodontium. Its pathogenesis may be related to psychological, vascular, sensory nerve damage and other factors. 7. phantom toothache Patients with phantom toothache often appear for unknown reasons, mostly occurring after pulpotomy, apicoectomy or tooth extraction, with an incidence of about 3% after endodontic treatment, which can occur in both men and women in adults, and is not related to psychological factors by clinical observation.