A pterygium is a fibrovascular-like tissue that grows towards the surface of the cornea and is attached to the conjunctiva, often occurring in the nasal lid cleft area. The presence of pterygium not only affects the aesthetics, but also causes corneal astigmatism leading to vision loss and can seriously affect the patient’s vision if the pterygium obscures the visual axis area. Although the exact cause and pathogenesis of pterygium is not fully understood, epidemiology shows that two factors are closely related to its occurrence: the geographical location of the area where one lives and the exposure to sunlight and sand. The incidence of pterygium is higher than normal in residents of tropical regions and in those who work outdoors for long periods of time, suggesting that ultraviolet light from sunlight may be the main cause of pterygium. In addition, genetics is a significant factor in the development of pterygium, as family members with a history of pterygium are more likely to develop pterygium than normal individuals. The clinical presentation is bilateral, with the nasal side being the most common. When the lesion approaches the pupillary area of the cornea, it can cause a loss of vision due to corneal astigmatism or direct occlusion of the pupillary area. The thickened bulbar conjunctiva and its underlying fibrovascular tissue in the lid fissure area invade the cornea in a triangular pattern, and when the pterygium is large, it can impede eye movement. Treatment: Avoid external irritation as much as possible and actively treat chronic inflammation of the eye. 1.Medication Use antibiotic eye drops to control conjunctival inflammation and reduce congestion. Corticosteroid eye drops can be added when the congestion is heavy. To reduce external irritation can wear appropriate discolored glasses. 2.Surgical treatment ① Simple excision of pterygium: It is suitable for those who have more pterygium invading the cornea, and the progressive pterygium or close to the pupillary margin threatens the visual function of the affected eye, or it affects the incision of cataract or corneal transplantation or stimulates the development of pterygium after surgery, or the pterygium hinders the patient’s aesthetics. This procedure is simple and takes less time, but is prone to recurrence after surgery. Pterygium excision combined with free conjunctival flap grafting: This procedure is suitable for patients with large, hyperemic and fast-growing pterygium, or those who have lost a lot of conjunctiva during pterygium excision. This procedure is relatively complicated and difficult to perform, and the conjunctival flap used for transplantation should be especially prevented from being reversed, but the surgical result is better and the recurrence rate is relatively low after surgery. Pterygium excision and tipped conjunctival flap grafting: This procedure is also suitable for those who have a thicker and more congested pterygium that grows faster. Because of the elasticity and compliance of the conjunctiva, the bulbous conjunctiva adjacent to the pterygium excision area can be separated and transposed with appropriate loosening and cutting to repair the exposed scleral area. This method does not result in reversal of the conjunctival flap, and the blood supply is good and the grafted conjunctiva grows and heals faster. The disadvantage is that there may be some tension when the conjunctiva is pulled and transposed, so the suture should be well aligned when closing the wound to avoid conjunctival wound dehiscence.