Tinnitus is the result of different pathological changes of many diseases involving the auditory system, with complex etiology and unclear mechanisms. It mainly manifests itself as a subjective sensation of sound in the ear or skull without a corresponding external sound source or electrical stimulation. Clinically it is both a concomitant symptom of many diseases and the first symptom of some serious diseases (such as auditory neuroma). Etiology 1. Diseases of the auditory system (1) Cerumen embolism, swelling or foreign body in the external canal of the outer ear. (2) Various kinds of otitis media and otosclerosis in the middle ear. (3) Meniere’s disease of the inner ear, sudden deafness, trauma, noise deafness, senile deafness, etc. (2) Systemic diseases (1) Cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, hypotension, etc. (2) Autonomic dysfunction, mental stress, depression, etc. (3) Endocrine diseases: abnormal thyroid function, diabetes, etc. (4) Other: neurodegeneration (e.g. demyelinating disease), inflammation (viral infection), trauma, drug intoxication, cervical spondylosis, temporomandibular joint disease or malocclusion, etc. The clinical manifestations are generally diverse, and can be unilateral or bilateral, or can be head tinnitus, which can exist sustainably or appear intermittently, and the sound can be various, with different pitch levels. The relationship between tinnitus and hearing Some tinnitus patients have hearing loss, while others have normal hearing, but tinnitus does not cause or aggravate hearing loss. 2.Relationship between tinnitus and psychological factors Long-term tinnitus can cause irritability, anxiety, tension, fear or depression in patients, and the bad emotional state can aggravate tinnitus, resulting in a vicious circle between tinnitus and bad emotions. Diagnosis 1. Take medical history Perform clinical examination of the ear and the whole body. 2. Audiological examination Pure tone audiometry, acoustic impedance audiometry, tinnitus pitch and loudness matching test, tinnitus after-effect suppression and minimum masking level test, and other audiological and electrophysiological examinations. Treatment Early treatment of tinnitus, 3 to 6 months is an important period for treatment. 1.Treat the original disease causing tinnitus. 2.Medication Vasodilators, calcium antagonists, tinnitus inhibitors, tinnitus-reducing drugs and neurotrophic drugs, etc. 3.Psychological counseling and adjustment Analyze the causes and lesions of tinnitus, eliminate the patient’s worries, admonish the patient to be in a sound-filled environment, take the initiative to contact the sounds of nature, strive to live with tinnitus, compare tinnitus to the roar of a train, refrigerator noise, etc. to adapt and get used to these sounds, let the patient try to eliminate the psychological reactions caused by tinnitus, suppress negative emotions, and build up confidence that tinnitus can be treated. 4.Masking treatment Apply tinnitus therapy device, tinnitus masking device, pure tone audiometer or hearing aid. 5.Tinnitus retraining and habituation therapy The purpose is to make the patient adapt to and get used to tinnitus, so as to reduce the degree of tinnitus and relieve the physical and mental obstacles caused by tinnitus to the patient. This therapy has been widely used in clinical practice abroad for patients with long-term, severe tinnitus, and mainly includes counseling and sound therapy. 6.Auditory sound discrimination therapy 7.Other traditional Chinese medicine treatment, etc.