At present, the number of dog breeding as well as mad dogs in China has increased dramatically, and the number of people bitten by dogs has also increased rapidly. Dogs cause damage to people through tongue licking, claw scratching and tooth biting. Not only cause local tissue laceration damage, but also due to the dog’s mouth, teeth, saliva often exist a variety of bacterial viruses, especially anaerobic bacteria in large numbers such as tetanus bacillus, gas gangrene bacillus family, Clostridium difficile, spirochetes, etc., can cause rapid infection of the wound. Infection can develop to a serious state, such as tetanus, rabies, life-threatening. Rabies, also known as hydrophobia, is a category B infectious disease managed by national statutory reporting, caused by the rabies virus, transmitted by sick dogs account for 80%-90%, but healthy dogs can carry the virus rate of up to 17% or more, so you can not relax your guard against being bitten by a healthy dog. The rabies virus enters the body through broken skin and mucous membranes. Because the virus has a strong affinity for nerve tissue, it can enter the spinal cord and central nervous system directly, causing symptoms such as extreme terror, fear of water, fear of wind, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, excessive sweating and salivation, and eventually leading to limb paralysis, respiratory and circulatory failure and death. Once a person is infected with rabies, there is no cure and the mortality rate is 100%, which is by far the highest mortality rate of human infectious diseases. Clinical features 1. Local symptoms Tooth marks and wounds formed by sharp teeth tearing, edema of surrounding tissues, subcutaneous bleeding, hematoma, and local pain. Some cases show wound infection after 8-24 hours: increased pain, redness and swelling around the wound, purulent discharge, and the discharge may have an abnormal odor. Red filaments spread outward from the bite site, and the lymph nodes above the bite site are enlarged. 2, systemic symptoms Generally light, if the wound infection is serious can appear: lymphangitis, headache, dizziness, fever and other symptoms, and even sepsis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, brain abscess and other complications. 3, rabies Incubation period varies in length, with most developing between 10 and 90 days after the bite, with incubation periods as short as 5 days and as long as several months or even a decade. Patients have signs and symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, nausea, excitement, mania, fear of water, fear of wind, generalized convulsions of the throat, profuse salivation, and paralysis. Laboratory tests: take saliva, nasopharyngeal washings, corneal prints, etc. within a week of onset for fluorescent antibody staining and detection of rabies virus antigen. First aid treatment 1, timely and thorough removal of the virus in the wound To repeatedly rinse the wound with a large amount of water, 20% soapy water or 0.1% Neosporin, and then disinfect the skin break with 3% iodine and 75% alcohol. When rinsing deeper wounds, use a syringe to reach into the deeper part of the wound for perfusion cleaning, so that the cleaning time is not shorter than 15 minutes; then disinfect with 75% ethanol; followed by a concentrated tincture of iodine. The earlier the local wound treatment, the better, even if delayed half a day or 1-2 days should not ignore the local treatment, at this time, if the wound has been crusted, should also remove the crust after the above method. Wound should not be bandaged, should not be sutured in one phase, open wound should be exposed as much as possible. If the wound infringes on large blood vessels, trachea and other important parts, life support should be given quickly and the wound should be cleared and sutured (anastomosed). Maxillofacial wounds can also be cleared and sutured in one phase under the premise of thorough debridement. 2. Vaccination 2 ml of vaccine should be injected intramuscularly on the day of the bite, the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th days, for a total of 5 times. For severe bites, the vaccine should be doubled on the same day and on the third day, and 2-3 more injections should be given after all 5 injections have been given, i.e. on the 15th and 75th day or on the 10th, 20th and 90th day after the 5 injections have been given. Injection site: Intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. Infants and children can be injected intra-muscularly in the anterolateral thigh. The dose should be calculated as 40 international units per kilogram of body weight, half of which should be injected by infiltration at the injured site and the other half by intramuscular injection in several times within 1-2 days. An allergy test must be performed before the serum is used, and desensitization therapy is used for positive cases. There are generally no contraindications to vaccination, but alcohol, strong tea and other stimulating foods should be avoided, as well as strenuous exercise. Experts believe that the combined application of rabies vaccine and antiserum is the most effective method of rabies prevention.