Since the 1970s, artificial joints have developed rapidly and joint replacement surgery has been widely performed. Arthroplasty is the removal of a worn and damaged joint surface and the implantation of an artificial joint, like a dental brace, to restore a normal smooth joint surface. Artificial joints are artificial prostheses made of biological materials and are the most effective artificial organs available. It is currently used in the treatment of shoulder, elbow, wrist, interphalangeal, hip, knee and ankle joints, but artificial hip and knee joint replacements are the most common. Traumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemic necrosis of the femoral head, certain joint fractures, benign and malignant tumors, ankylosing spondylitis, and severe loss of joint function due to long-term hormonal necrosis of the femoral head are all indications for initial arthroplasty. Contraindications for arthroplasty are local or systemic infection, poor local skin, soft tissue and blood supply conditions that may lead to difficulty in closing the incision or soft tissue and skin necrosis at the incision site, neurogenic arthropathy, and systemic conditions or concomitant diseases that make it difficult to tolerate replacement surgery. The outcome of an arthroplasty is determined by the patient’s confidence, the surgeon’s skill, bioengineering, and the design of the prosthesis and instruments. Modern prosthetic joint materials include cobalt-chromium-molybdenum, titanium, and ultra-high polymer polyethylenes. Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy has better wear resistance, corrosion resistance and overall mechanical properties, and is a better implant material. Titanium alloy has good corrosion resistance, low density, and good biocompatibility, and is also a more ideal implant material. However, it has poor wear resistance and is not suitable for the manufacture of ball-heads, but only for the manufacture of femoral stem prostheses. The prosthesis is bonded to the human bone tissue by means of fixative or biologic fixation techniques. The fixative acts like cement, so it is called “bone cement”; while the biological fixation is formed on the surface of the artificial joint through a special treatment of very small microporous, after about 3 months, the human bone tissue will grow into the microporous to achieve the purpose of fixing the joint. In short, artificial joint replacement is to repair the damaged joint caused by trauma or disease, to relieve joint pain, deformity and dysfunction, and to rebuild a joint with near normal function. Artificial joints are important for patients whose joint damage is advanced and for whom other treatments have failed. However, artificial joint replacement surgery is a procedure with certain complications. Therefore, while the artificial joint is developing rapidly, there are still many problems that need to be solved, and the indications for surgery should be strictly controlled. With the aging of our population in the 21st century, how to make artificial joint replacement safer and able to be used for middle-aged or even young patients, so that younger patients can also have the opportunity to rebuild joint function, is a great challenge for science, engineering and medical technology personnel.