Intestinal polyps are abnormal growths protruding from the surface of the intestinal mucosa and are collectively referred to as polyps until their pathological nature is determined. Its incidence increases with age and is more common in men. Colon and rectal polyps are the most common and small intestinal polyps are less common. The clinical manifestations vary according to the location, size and number of polyps. 1. Intermittent blood in stool or blood on the surface of stool, mostly bright red; secondary inflammatory infection may be accompanied by a large amount of mucus or mucus blood stool; there may be shortness of breath and constipation or increased frequency of stool. If the polyp is large, it may lead to intestinal overlap; if the polyp is huge or multiple, intestinal obstruction may occur; if the polyp is located near the anus, it may come out of the anus. 2.A few patients may have symptoms such as abdominal distention and pain. 3.Anaemia may appear if blood is emitted, and shock may appear if the bleeding is large. Classification of intestinal polyps 1, proliferative polyps: more common in the large intestine, the cause of occurrence is unknown, mostly after middle age. Most of them are mounded or semicircular elevations on the mucosal surface, generally small, about 0.5 cm in diameter, often multiple. The pathological structure is mucosal hypertrophy and hyperplasia. It can be asymptomatic clinically and is mostly found incidentally during electron fiber colonoscopy. This polyp is not cancerous, so it does not need to be treated. 2, inflammatory polyps: also known as pseudopolyps, is the ulcer of the large intestinal mucosa in the healing process of fibrous tissue hyperplasia and submucosal edema between ulcers, so that the normal mucosal surface gradually elevated and formed, commonly in chronic ulcerative colitis p intestinal tuberculosis and other intestinal diseases. Polyps are generally small, elongated and curved, irregular in shape, free at one end or attached to the intestinal wall at both ends and suspended in the middle, bridge-like, often multiple. It is clinically manifested as blood in stool or mucus thin stool, and is relatively easy to diagnose by fiberoptic colonoscopy or x-ray barium enema in combination with the history of inflammatory bowel disease. The principle of treatment is mainly to control the primary lesion and to perform bowel segment resection if necessary. It is difficult to conclude whether inflammatory polyps can become cancerous, but it has been found clinically that patients with ulcerative colitis are far more likely to have colorectal cancer complications than those without ulcerative colitis. The longer the course of the disease, the higher the incidence of cancer. 3.Children type polyps: mainly occur in children, mostly under 10 years old, most common around 5 years old, most common in boys, less common in adults. The polyps mainly occur in the rectum and lower sigmoid colon, and are usually solitary, and if they are multiple, they do not exceed 3-4. The polyps are spherical in shape, and most of them are less than 1 cm in diameter; pathologically, they are misshapen tumors. Since polyps are brittle and rich in blood vessels, blood in stool or fresh blood dripping after stool is the main manifestation of this disease. These polyps are not cancerous and can be removed by endoscopic electrocautery or left to fall off on their own. 4, adenoma: papillary adenoma, also known as mossy adenoma or villous adenoma, is relatively rare, but prone to cancer. This kind of adenoma accounts for about 4-10% of colorectal polyps, mostly seen in the elderly, more men than women, about 90% of cases occur in the rectum and sigmoid colon. The tumors are large, mostly broad-based, and have a purple villi or velvety surface. There is usually only one, but occasionally there can be several. The main symptoms are diarrhea and bleeding because the tumor is large and stimulates intestinal peristalsis; weakness, weight loss and even electrolyte disorders may also occur due to the loss of large amounts of water, salts and protein. It is easier to be detected by electronic fiber colonoscopy and x-ray barium enema examination. Treatment generally advocates surgical removal. If there is malignant change, early local intestinal segment removal should be done. 5, familial polyposis: also known as familial adenomatosis, hereditary multiple polyps, tumor-like polyps, and eventually cancer will occur. This is a relatively rare hereditary disease, autosomal dominant inheritance, 50% of the children of the patient may also get the disease, the gender difference is not significant. Polyps often appear after the age of 10 and usually do not exceed the age of 40. The occurrence of polyps is confined to the colon and rectum and is multiple. Clinical manifestations include blood in the stool, diarrhea, and weight loss. Treatment mainly involves surgical removal of the diseased colon and rectum. There is a variant of this disease characterized by multiple polyps of the colon combined with tumors of the small intestine, stomach, bone and skin, a disease called Gardner’s syndrome. 6.Perthes-Jegers II syndrome: also known as melanotic plaque – gastrointestinal multiple polyp syndrome. A rare genetically related disease with no significant differences in gender. In addition to widely distributed polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, brown, blue or black pigmented spots can be found in the perioral region, lips, cheek mucosa, hands and feet, etc. Pigmented spots can appear after birth, and polyps mostly appear in adulthood, involving the entire gastrointestinal tract, with the stomach and small intestine being more common. Polyp is a misshapen tumor, clinically there may be no symptoms, some cases may have abdominal pain, diarrhea, bleeding and other manifestations, sometimes can cause intestinal obstruction, if there is no comorbidities, generally do not need surgery. This syndrome is rarely cancerous, and recently it was found that there is a 2-3% risk of gastrointestinal cancer, often involving the duodenum. Treatment 1.Non-surgical treatment The principle of treatment of colorectal polyps is to remove the polyps as soon as they are found, and the choice of treatment plan depends on the polyps according to their location, the presence or absence of the tip, size and malignant potential. In clinical practice, non-surgical treatment is mainly endoscopic high-frequency electrocoagulation polypectomy, or laser or microwave resection. Preoperative bowel cleansing preparation is performed and excision is performed in the absence of coagulation mechanism. High-frequency electrocoagulation resection: According to the shape, size, number of polyps, and the presence or absence of the tip, length and thickness, the following methods can be used: ① high-frequency electrocoagulation cautery (argon ion coagulation): it is the commonly used method, mainly for multiple small polyps of hemispherical shape. ②High-frequency electrocoagulation capsulectomy method: clinically used, mainly for polyps with tips. ③”Dense connection” removal method: mainly used for long-tipped large polyps, difficult to suspend in the intestinal lumen using large polyps dense intestinal wall electrocoagulation resection method. This method is not commonly used. Biopsy clamp method: mainly used for single or a few small globular polyps, simple and easy, and can be biopsied for pathological examination. Staged removal method: mainly used for patients with 10-20 polyps that cannot be removed at one time. Laser vaporization method and microwave fever method: Suitable for those who do not need to keep histological specimens. However, the laser vaporization method is not commonly used in clinical practice. 2.Surgical treatment Patients with polyposis can take combined endoscopic and surgical treatment method, which can achieve the purpose of treatment and maintain the normal function of the large intestine. Surgical indications are often: more than 10 multiple adenomas with large size and confined to a certain intestinal segment; larger polyps blocking most of the intestinal cavity with poorly displayed tips or broad-based adenomas with basal diameter >2 cm; high recurrence rate after resection of colorectal adenomas and the possibility of multiple adenomas; a careful clinical follow-up plan should be formulated according to the patient’s histological type to detect the lesions early and give timely treatment. 3.Regular follow-up: Since colorectal polyps, especially adenomatous polyps, have been recognized by scholars as pre-cancerous lesions or states, regular follow-up of patients with colorectal polyps has been highly recognized to prevent and treat early colorectal cancer. In order to maintain a polyp-free state of the intestine and prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer, it is necessary to develop a cost-effective follow-up program. Prevention 1. To maintain a good state of mind. In the face of various pressures, it is necessary to keep a balanced mind, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, and do not overwork. 2.Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains are rich in fiber, which can reduce the risk of colon polyps. In addition, fruits and vegetables are also rich in antioxidants, which can prevent colon cancer. 3, adhere to physical exercise. More physical exercise can control weight, which can independently reduce the risk of colon disease. 4. Don’t eat contaminated food. Such as contaminated water, crops, poultry, fish and eggs, moldy food, etc. are important causes of colon cancer, so eat some green and organic food to prevent the disease from entering through the mouth.