What is the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

  1.General treatment and symptomatic treatment 1.Keep the vital signs stable: After the diagnosis of SAH, we should strive for monitoring treatment, closely monitor the changes of vital signs and neurological signs; keep the airway unobstructed and maintain the stable respiratory and circulatory system functions.  2.Lower intracranial pressure: Appropriate restriction of fluid intake, prevention and control of hyponatremia, hyperventilation, etc. all help to lower intracranial pressure. Clinically, dehydrating agents are mainly used, commonly used are mannitol, tachyphylaxis, glycerol fructose or glycerol sodium chloride, and albumin can also be used as appropriate. If the accompanying intracerebral hematoma is large in size, surgery should be performed as soon as possible to remove the hematoma and lower the intracranial pressure to save lives.  3. Correct water and electrolyte balance disorders: pay attention to the balance of fluid intake and output. Appropriate rehydration and sodium supplementation, adjustment of diet and the ratio of crystalloids in intravenous rehydration can effectively prevent hyponatremia. Hypokalemia is also more common, and timely correction can avoid causing or aggravating cardiac arrhythmia.  4, symptomatic treatment: sedatives for irritability, analgesics for headache, caution with aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs that may affect the coagulation function or morphine, dulcolax and other drugs that may affect respiratory function. In case of epileptic seizures, short-term antiepileptic drugs such as Valium, Carbamazepine or Sodium Valproate can be used.  5, strengthen care: local consultation, bed rest, reduce visits, avoid sound and light stimulation. Give a high-fiber, high-energy diet, and keep the urine and stool flowing. For those with impaired consciousness, nasogastric tube can be given, careful nasal feeding to prevent asphyxia and aspiration pneumonia. If urinary retention is retained, catheterization should be placed and attention should be paid to prevent urinary tract infection. Take measures to prevent complications such as decubitus ulcers, pulmonary atelectasis and deep vein thrombosis by regular turning, passive movement of limbs and air mattress. If the DSA examination confirms that the aneurysm is not caused by intracranial aneurysm, or the intracranial aneurysm has been surgically clamped or interventionally embolized, the time of bed rest can be shortened appropriately if there is no risk of rebleeding.  Prevention and control of rebleeding 1. Quiet rest: absolute bed rest for 4-6 weeks, sedation, analgesia, avoiding exertion and emotional stimulation.  2. Regulation of blood pressure: After removing pain and other triggers, if the mean arterial pressure is >125 mmHg or systolic pressure is >180 mmHg, short-acting antihypertensive drugs can be used under blood pressure monitoring to bring down the blood pressure and keep it stable at the normal or pre-start level. Calcium channel blockers, β-blockers or ACEI class can be used.  3.Antifibrinolytic drugs: In order to prevent the clot around the aneurysm from dissolving and causing rebleeding, antifibrinolytic agents can be used to inhibit the formation of fibrinogen. 6-Aminohexanoic acid (EACA) is commonly used, the initial dose of 4-6g dissolved in 100ml of physiological saline or 5% glucose in an IV drip (15-30 minutes), and then generally maintained in an IV drip of 1g/h, 12-24g/d for 2-3 weeks or until surgery, or hemostatic aromatic acid (PAMBA) or hemostatic cyclic acid (tranexamic acid). Antifibrinolytic therapy can reduce the incidence of rebleeding, but it also increases the incidence of CVS and cerebral infarction, and is recommended to be used simultaneously with calcium channel blockers.  4.Surgery: For aneurysmal SAH, if the Hunt and Hess grades are ≤III, early surgical clamping of the aneurysm or interventional embolization is often performed.