Vertigo is a symptom and a self-experience of the patient, and about 30% of people experience vertigo in their lifetime. There are hundreds of different diseases that can cause vertigo, and the causes of each disease are different. According to the nature of the lesion, it can be divided into two categories: “pseudo-vertigo” and “true vertigo”, and according to the location, it can be roughly divided into two categories: peripheral vertigo and central vertigo. Central vertigo is caused by brain tissue and brain nerve diseases, such as auditory neuroma and cerebrovascular lesions, and accounts for about 30% of the total number of vertigo patients. Peripheral vertigo accounts for 70% and is caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, immune reactions and other causes. Peripheral vertigo: Most of the peripheral vertigo is related to our ear diseases, and vertigo attacks are mostly accompanied by cochlear symptoms (changes in hearing, tinnitus) and vegetative nervous system symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and cold sweats. Some diseases can have recurrent episodes of vertigo that resolve on their own. The human ear is divided into the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear, and the vestibular organ is in the human inner ear, which is closely connected to the cochlea, collectively called the bite-hearing organ. The vestibule is responsible for the balance of the body, while the cochlea is responsible for hearing sound. The two brothers live in a “partnership unit”. Without mentioning the cochlea for today, the vestibule consists of three semicircular canals, a balloon and an ellipsoidal sac. Their structure is very complex, with a hard tube inside a tube that is curved and bent. The vestibule is filled with fluid, and at the expansion of the tube there are structures called cilia. When the body moves or rides in a car to start, accelerate, decelerate, or turn, the fluid in the vestibule has to flow, driving the cilia of the hair cells to bend accordingly, generating bioelectricity that travels inward to the higher nerve centers, making us feel the state of inverted motion. Downward transmission to the cervical muscles and limb muscles reflex movement to maintain balance. The symmetry and balance of vestibular function on both sides are maintained to accomplish coordinated body movements. Pathological stimulation or lesions in any part of the vestibular system can disrupt this balance and cause a disturbance in balance. The patient will then feel vertigo. To use a simple analogy, an airplane has two engines, and when both engines are working properly, the airplane flies smoothly. If one engine fails, the plane will deviate from its normal course or roll over, but after the pilot adjusts, the plane with one engine can still fly smoothly. If the faulty engine is not working at the same time, the plane will deviate from its course again. The human body is like an airplane, and the vestibular balance of the inner ear on both sides is like the two engines of the airplane, when one side of the vestibule is diseased, vertigo will occur and the balance will be out of balance. After a period of rest and treatment, vertigo can be relieved. In most of these cases it is the result of compensatory re-establishment of balance in the contralateral vestibule, and only in a small percentage of patients is the recovery of damaged vestibular function. If the cause of vertigo cannot be removed and repeatedly affects the vestibular system, and the damaged vestibular function comes and goes, the clinical presentation will be recurrent vertigo or progressive hearing loss. Meniere’s disease is an unexplained fluid accumulation in the membranous vagus of the inner ear, which increases vagal pressure and compresses ganglion cells and hair cells and vertigo occurs is the most common of vestibular vertigo diseases. Its etiology is related to endolymphatic disorders of absorption, immune response, and phytonadic dysfunction. Central vertigo: The brain tissues that can cause vertigo are the locus coeruleus, cerebellum, and thalamus, so lesions in any of these three parts of the tissue can cause vertigo. For example, cerebellar choking or hemorrhage, thalamic choking, brainstem ischemia, etc., or tumor of the pontocerebellar horn or subungual herniation malformation of the cerebellum. Insufficient blood supply to the vertebrobasilar artery is a common disease causing central vertigo, which has a high incidence and is easily recurring. The pathogenesis is that the vertebral arteries on both sides pass from the sixth cervical vertebra into the transverse foramen and converge into the basilar artery in the skull. Any cause that can cause extrusion of vertebral arteries, such as cervical osteophytes, disc herniation, deformation or dislocation of the circumflex cone, local inflammation, etc., can cause vertigo symptoms. The treatment principle is to treat the cause, but when the cause cannot be removed well, symptomatic treatment is taken and drugs and methods to dilate the vertebral artery and relieve local compression are applied.