1, the normal developmental process of feeding in children: 0~3 months: there are primitive reflexes related to feeding in children, such as foraging reflex, sucking reflex, swallowing reflex, tonic bite reflex, tongue extension reflex; sucking milk in feeding and washing mode, tongue in a forward/retracted activity pattern, with the lower jaw and lips in an overall pattern of activity, no separation activity between each other; tongue upward curled into a cup shape on both sides, leading milk to the pharynx; sucking/swallowing Reflexive pattern of feeding. 4~6 months: The child responds with slurping movements while waiting for spoon feeding or when touching the spoon; bites in an up-and-down direction; no separation movement between the tongue and the jaw; sucking/swallowing/breathing coordination; the foraging reflex disappears after 5 months; the tonic bite reflex disappears after 5 months; the pharyngeal reflex is present. 7~9 months: The range of tongue activity increases significantly, and the pattern of activity increases, i.e., up and down, back and forth, i.e., sucking action; the lip activity increases, and it will close on the pacifier to “sip” the food in the spoon; the stability of the jaw is still poor when drinking from a cup; the tongue still extends forward when swallowing; when biting food, the tongue, lip and There is a small amount of separation of tongue, lip and jaw when biting food; the child can move food in the mouth, from the sides to the middle and from the middle to the sides; the child can close the lips when swallowing semi-solid food; the gag reflex is weakened. 10~12 months: The child shows true sucking action; can clean food on the lower lip with teeth; improved sucking/swallowing/breathing coordination; tongue extension is still visible when swallowing; good jaw stability when biting soft food and can self-control biting action; improved lip closure ability when swallowing milk and other liquid food; increased range of food movement in the mouth, can go beyond the midline and appear rolling type Chewing action; better lip and cheek activities are involved in chewing. 13~15 months: Some children improve jaw stability by biting the rim of the cup; tongue and lips can move separately; good sucking/swallowing/breathing coordination; can chew with closed lips; and have a little self-control when biting solid foods. 16~18 months: The child begins to develop active jaw control; the tongue extends less during swallowing; the child can control fluid food well; the child has good active bite control without head turning assistance; the sucking/swallowing/breathing coordination becomes more perfect. 19~24 months: The child can clean lip food with the tongue; can drink continuously; can suck through a straw; can retract the tongue during swallowing; can bite meat food freely; can move food in the mouth beyond the midline with comfortable movements. 25~36 months: the child can control the jaw well actively; the tip of the tongue lifts up when swallowing; the jaw is well regulated in grading when biting food; the head separates well when biting food; the food moves smoothly in the mouth and transfers from one side to the other; the tongue mobility and flexibility are gradually developed. 2, pediatric swallowing disorder: swallowing disorder is due to the jaw, lips, tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophageal sphincter or esophageal function is damaged, can not safely and effectively send food from the mouth to the stomach to obtain sufficient nutrition and water feeding difficulties. The possible causes of pediatric swallowing disorders are U (1) oropharyngeal and laryngeal diseases: 1) stomatitis, trauma. 2) pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases: 1) peri-tonsil abscess; 2) posterior pharyngeal wall abscess; 3) pharyngeal tuberculosis; 4) pharyngeal diphtheria. 10.Esophageal submibular abscess. 11.Esophageal congenital diseases: ① esophageal webbing; ② congenital esophageal atresia; ③ congenital esophageal stricture; ④ congenital short letter tube; ⑤ congenital esophageal dilatation. 12.Esophageal compression: ① mediastinal diseases; ② cardiovascular diseases; ③ thyroid enlargement. (3) Neurological and muscular diseases or malfunctions: 1. Organic neurological and muscular diseases: ① brain nerve diseases of the central nervous system; ② muscle diseases; ③ connective tissue diseases; ④ systemic infections and poisonings. 2. Neuromuscular malfunctions: ① cardia spasm; ② iron deficiency swallowing disorder; ③ diffuse esophageal spasm; ④ psychogenic cardia achalasia. We can broadly observe whether there are swallowing problems in several areas: difficulty in sucking; body bends into an arch when sucking; dislike of solid food; long feeding time, usually more than 30 minutes; drooling easily or liquid food often flows out of the mouth; choking and coughing when eating without care; unable to learn to drink continuously from a cup; lighter weight or slower growth. In addition to speech and language development problems, children with swallowing disorders are also at risk for constipation or malnutrition, pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infections. Children have many characteristics that are different from adults and are by no means a microcosm of adults. The most important feature of the physiological anatomy of children is that they are constantly growing and developing, and the relative positions and functions of the relevant structures of the swallowing organs are constantly changing. Therefore, the development of swallowing disorders and their treatment should also correspond to such changes. If a child is found to have a swallowing disorder, early medical attention is the only way. Usually a speech-language pathologist will observe the muscle movements of the throat when the child swallows and give the child swallowing training sessions. It is also possible to give parents special tools or dietary advice to train their child to swallow at home.